Quantitative analysis of urea in human urine and serum by<sup>1</sup>H nuclear magnetic resonance

Liu, Lingyan; Mo, Huaping; Wei, Siwei; Raftery, Daniel

doi:10.1039/c2an15780b

Cited by 93 publications

(77 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Urea is the most abundant organic metabolite in human urine, at concentrations of ~400 mM (347–349). Filtration of citrate occurs in the kidney glomeruli, with approximately 10–35% of filtered citrate excreted in urine, making it the most abundant organic anion in human urine (350, 351).…”

Section: Virulence Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pathogenesis of Proteus mirabilis Infection

2018

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Proteus mirabilis, a Gram-negative rod-shaped bacterium most noted for its swarming motility and urease activity, frequently causes catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI) that are often polymicrobial. These infections may be accompanied by urolithiasis, development of bladder or kidney stones due to alkalinization of urine from urease-catalyzed urea hydrolysis. Adherence of the bacterium to epithelial and catheter surfaces is mediated by 17 different fimbriae, most notably MR/P fimbriae. Repressors of motility are often encoded by these fimbrial operons. Motility is mediated by flagella encoded on a single contiguous 54 kb chromosomal sequence. On agar plates, P. mirabilis undergoes a morphological conversion to a filamentous swarmer cell expressing hundreds of flagella. When swarms from different strains meet, a line of demarcation, a “Dienes line”, develops due to the killing action of each strain’s type VI secretion system. During infection, histological damage is caused by cytotoxins including hemolysin and a variety of proteases, some autotransported. The pathogenesis of infection, including assessment of individual genes or global screens for virulence or fitness factors has been assessed in murine models of ascending UTI or CAUTI using both single-species and polymicrobial models. Global gene expression studies carried out in culture and in the murine model have revealed the unique metabolism of this bacterium. Vaccines, using MR/P fimbria and its adhesin, MrpH, have been shown to be efficacious in the murine model. A comprehensive review of factors associated with urinary tract infection is presented, encompassing both historical perspectives and current advances.

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Section: Virulence Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pathogenesis of Proteus mirabilis Infection

2018

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“…At present, several methods have been used for urea detection, such as chemiluminescence detection, 22 ow injection analysis, 23,24 ion chromatography, 25 nuclear magnetic resonance, 26 and electrochemical methods. 27,28 These methods have their own advantages and analytical application elds.…”

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confidence: 99%

Enzymatic-reaction induced production of polydopamine nanoparticles for sensitive and visual sensing of urea

Wang

Thia

et al. 2015

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Dopamine (DA) has attracted extensive interest due to not only its important roles in physiological and pathological processes, but also its prospective applications in chemistry and materials science. In this work, we demonstrate that the urease catalytic reaction is an effective new approach for a better control of DA polymerization to polydopamine nanoparticles (PDA NPs). And we further develop an original and novel method for sensitive and visual sensing of urea through spectroscopic or particle size analysis. The detection is based on DA polymerization to PDA NPs that can be controlled by the reaction rate of urease-catalyzed urea hydrolysis, correspondingly, correlated with the varied urea concentration. The composition, morphologies and sizes of the resulting PDA NPs are characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) spectroscopy, respectively. Under optimal reaction conditions, the UV absorbance of DA polymerization at 400 nm shows a good response towards urea detection over a range of 1 × 10(-7) to 1 × 10(-3) M with a limit of detection (LOD) of 100 nM (S/N = 3). Moreover, the sizes of the resulting PDA NPs increase linearly with urea concentration from 5 × 10(-6) to 1 × 10(-4) M. The newly developed assay allows the enzymatic-reaction driven PDA NPs to be used for quantitative detection of urea with many advantages, e.g. simple preparation, easy visualization, good sensitivity, wide detection range and low interference, in particular, no complex sensor-fabrication required.

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“…This has been demonstrated for urea which inhibited at around 0.5–1 % swarming of the urinary tract‐infective human pathogen P. mirabilis . Human urine contains approximately 1.5 % of urea (250 m m ) and may thus represent a first line of defense against colonization by this pathogen …”

Section: Interspecies Competition and The Microbiotamentioning

confidence: 99%

Inhibitors of Bacterial Swarming Behavior

Rütschlin

Böttcher

2019

Chemistry A European J

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Bacteria can migrate in groups of flagella‐driven cells over semisolid surfaces. This coordinated form of motility is called swarming behavior. Swarming is associated with enhanced virulence and antibiotic resistance of various human pathogens and may be considered as favorable adaptation to the diverse challenges that microbes face in rapidly changing environments. Consequently, the differentiation of motile swarmer cells is tightly regulated and involves multi‐layered signaling networks. Controlling swarming behavior is of major interest for the development of novel anti‐infective strategies. In addition, compounds that block swarming represent important tools for more detailed insights into the molecular mechanisms of the coordination of bacterial population behavior. Over the past decades, there has been major progress in the discovery of small‐molecule modulators and mechanisms that allow selective inhibition of swarming behavior. Herein, an overview of the achievements in the field and future directions and challenges will be presented.

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Quantitative analysis of urea in human urine and serum by¹H nuclear magnetic resonance

Cited by 93 publications

References 39 publications

Pathogenesis of Proteus mirabilis Infection

Pathogenesis of Proteus mirabilis Infection

Enzymatic-reaction induced production of polydopamine nanoparticles for sensitive and visual sensing of urea

Inhibitors of Bacterial Swarming Behavior

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Quantitative analysis of urea in human urine and serum by1H nuclear magnetic resonance

Cited by 93 publications

References 39 publications

Pathogenesis of Proteus mirabilis Infection

Pathogenesis of Proteus mirabilis Infection

Enzymatic-reaction induced production of polydopamine nanoparticles for sensitive and visual sensing of urea

Inhibitors of Bacterial Swarming Behavior

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Quantitative analysis of urea in human urine and serum by¹H nuclear magnetic resonance