Quantitative analysis of three-dimensional morphology of martensite packets and blocks in iron-carbon-manganese steels

Reconstruction of the Three-dimensional Ferrite–austenite Microstructure and Crystallographic Analysis in the Early Stage of Reverse Phase Transformation in an Fe–Mn–C Alloy

“…In recent years, material characterization has been performed by the serial sectioning method using focused ion beam (FIB) with SEM-EBSD analysis. [25][26][27] This technique has enabled precise processing of materials and crystallographic analysis of three-dimensional microstructures.…”

“…26) One difficulty to observe directly the ferrite-austenite microstructure in low-carbon steels at room temperature is that the austenite phase is not stable during cooling. Recently, several analytical methods to determine the austenite orientation from the ferrite one were developed.…”

3D structural and atomic-scale analysis of lath martensite: Effect of the transformation sequence

“…Yet, it is also clear that the standard 2D EBSD-based analysis provides a rather simplified representation of the lath martensite crystallography. For example, 3D EBSD and 3D FIB [12][13][14][15] analyses, as well as TEM observations [1,16,17] reveal significant heterogeneities in the size and morphology of martensite sub-units even within a single alloy, which cannot be fully captured by stand-alone 2D investigations. Also, even in optimized conditions, EBSD cannot resolve the fine details of the martensitic sub-structure.…”

Microstructure and mechanical behavior in dissimilar 13Cr/2205 stainless steel welded pipes

“…6b) is composed mainly of a martensitic matrix, residual austenite and traces of ferrite. It has been reported [32] that martensite is formed from austenite through a displacive mechanism and is arranged in three hierarchical levels: laths, blocks and packets. A given number of packets are delimited by prior austenite grain boundaries as illustrated in Fig.…”