Quantitative analysis of the electroencephalogram during cranial electrotherapy stimulation

Cranial electrotherapy stimulation and transcranial pulsed current stimulation: A computer based high-resolution modeling study

“…Due to its effect mainly on vegetative symptoms of psychiatric disorders such as sleep, impaired attention and fatigue, it is purported that the application of CES through the maxillo-occipital junction causes current to reach the sub-cortical and brain stem structures. It has been shown that stimulation of these structures causes increased secretion of neurotransmitters, namely serotonin, beta endorphin, and norepinephrine (Shealy, 1989); thus being potentially involved with the mechanisms underlying the behavioral effects of CES (Schroeder and Barr, 2001).…”

“…In one of the few controlled studies where the physiologic mechanism of action of CES was investigated, electroencephalographic (EEG) changes were reported (Schroeder and Barr, 2001). CES led to changes in alpha and beta frequency ranges suggesting potential neuroplastic and cognitive effects of this technique.…”

Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation Reduces Aggression in a Violent Retarded Population: A Preliminary Report

“…In normal volunteers, Shroeder and Barr, 3 were able to record artifact-free electroencephalogram (EEG) characteristics during both 0.5 Hz and 100 Hz CES, noting a significant downward shift in alpha power band distribution.…”

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation

“…An early EEG study found that one 30-minute session of cranial AC stimulation daily for 5 days increased the amplitude of slower EEG frequencies with increased alpha wave (8-12 Hz) activity (McKenzie, Rosenthal, & Driessner, 1971). In contrast, Schroeder and Barr (2001) compared EEG activity in sham and active CES (at frequencies of 0.5 and 100 Hz), showing a decrease of the alpha band median frequency and beta band power fraction in the active group. As for tACS, Zaehle, Rach, and Herrmann (2010) performed a study investigating tACS over the occipital cortex while measuring alpha activity on EEG.…”