Quantitative analysis of opioids and cannabinoids in wastewater samples

Jacox, Alethea; Wetzel, Jillian; Cheng, Shu‐Yuan; Concheiro, Marta

doi:10.1080/20961790.2016.1270812

Cited by 29 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…We developed and validated an analytical method for the determination of 21 drugs and metabolites, including nicotine, amphetamines, cocaine, opioids and cannabis markers in wastewater. This method was based on a previous publication from our group [39], but with modifications. In the current method, due to the employment of a more sensitive LC-MS/MS instrument (LCMS-8050 vs. LCMS-8030), the initial amount of sample could be reduced from 100 to 50 mL, facilitating the extraction procedure.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The method for the simultaneous analysis of nicotine (cotinine), cocaine (BE, cocaethylene, and cocaine), amphetamines (amphetamine, methamphetamine, MDMA and MDA), opioids (6-MAM, morphine, codeine, oxymorphone, oxycodone, hydromorphone, hydrocodone, fentanyl, norfentanyl, methadone and EDDP) and cannabis (THC and THCCOOH) markers was based on a previously published method by our group [39] with modifications. Fifty milliliter aliquots of each authentic wastewater samples were spiked with 25 mL of 0.1 mg/mL IS mixture, containing the deuterated analogues of all the target analytes except MDA.…”

Section: Multi-analyte Method: Sample Preparation and Solid Phase Extmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Wastewater analysis for nicotine, cocaine, amphetamines, opioids and cannabis in New York City

Centazzo

Frederick

Jacox

et al. 2019

Forensic Sciences Research

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According to current surveys and overdoses data, there is a drug crisis in the USA. Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) is an evolving discipline that analyses wastewater samples to detect drugs and metabolites to estimate drug consumption in a certain community. This study demonstrates how drug relative presence could be tracked by testing wastewater, providing real-time results, in different boroughs in New York City throughout 1 year. We developed and fully validated two analytical methods, one for 21 drugs and metabolites, including nicotine, cocaine, amphetamines, opioids and cannabis markers; and another for the normalization factor creatinine. Both methods were performed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) using positive electrospray ionization, achieving a limit of quantification of 5-10 ng/L for drugs and metabolites, and 0.01 mg/L for creatinine. These methods were applied to 48 one-time grab wastewater samples collected from six wastewater treatment plants in New York City (Manhattan, The Bronx, Queens and Brooklyn), eight different times throughout 2016, before and after major holidays, including Memorial Day, 4th of July, Labour Day and New Year's. In this study, the drug group normalized concentrations present in the wastewater samples, in decreasing order, were cocaine, nicotine, opioids, cannabis and amphetamines. When looking at individual compounds, the one with the highest normalized concentration was benzoylecgonine (BE), followed by cotinine, morphine and 11-nor-9-carboxy-tetrahydrocannabinol (THCCOOH). To estimate community use, these concentrations were multiplied by the corresponding correction factor, and the most present were THCCOOH, followed by BE, cotinine and morphine. When comparing the treatment plants by drug group (nicotine, cocaine, amphetamines, opioids and cannabis), samples collected from The Bronx had the highest normalized concentrations for nicotine, cocaine and opioids; The Bronx and Manhattan for cannabis; and Manhattan and Queens for amphetamines. In most of the cases, no effect due to holiday was observed. This study provides the first snapshot of drug use in New York City and how that changes between key calendar dates employing wastewater analysis.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Multi-analyte Method: Sample Preparation and Solid Phase Extmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wastewater analysis for nicotine, cocaine, amphetamines, opioids and cannabis in New York City

Centazzo

Frederick

Jacox

et al. 2019

Forensic Sciences Research

Self Cite

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“…Thus, glucuronidation enables the quantification of molecules that would otherwise elude measurement. However, glucuronide moieties are labile and many bacteria express glucuronidase enzymes that hydrolyze them, reducing the signal at WWTPs (Pollet 2017, Jacox 2017. Thus, we hypothesized glucuronides present at upstream sites might be underrepresented or absent in WWTP samples.…”

Section: Upstream Sampling Enables Detection Of Human Associated Biommentioning

confidence: 99%

24-hour multi-omics analysis of residential sewage reflects human activity and informs public health

Matus¹,

Duvallet

Soule

et al. 2019

Preprint

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High-throughput molecular analysis of sewage is a promising tool for precision public health. Here, we combine sewer network and demographic data to identify a residential catchment for sampling, and explore the potential of applying untargeted genomics and metabolomics to sewage to collect actionable public health data. We find that wastewater sampled upstream in a residential catchment is representative of the human microbiome and metabolome, and we are able to identify glucuronidated compounds indicative of direct human excretion, which are typically degraded too quickly to be detected at treatment plants. We show that diurnal variations during 24-hour sampling can be leveraged to discriminate between biomarkers in sewage that are associated with human activity from those related to the environmental background. Finally, we putatively annotate a suite of human-associated metabolites, including pharmaceuticals, food metabolites, and biomarkers of human health and activity, suggesting that mining untargeted data derived from residential sewage can expand currently-used biomarkers with direct public health or policy relevance. process sewage non-stop through one day, and for Herbie from Cambridge Public Works for providing his good humor and professional insights during our many sampling trips. We thank the generous sponsorship of the Kuwait Foundation for Advancement of Sciences, and the MIT Center for Microbiome Informatics and Therapeutics provided support for computational resources. We thank the WHOI FT-MS facility for sample analysis and Krista Longnecker for training in metabolomics data analysis and discussions throughout the study.

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“…There are special efforts for the analytical improvement of THC-COOH by using negative ionization mode in MS/MS parameters, different analytical column types or extraction procedures. [29][30][31] In this manner, although most of prominent studies prefer distinct analytical methods to obtain better THC-COOH outcomes, with this presented study a simultaneous determination method using the same extraction and analysis process for all illicit drugs was developed.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…24 Finally, THC-COOH efficiencies were varied from 43-113% in the literature, in connection with above mentioned reasons. 29,30…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of Two Extraction Set-ups for the Determination of Illicit Drugs fromWastewater

Mercan¹,

Tekin²,

Kuloğlu³

et al. 2019

Turkiye Klinikleri J Foren Sci Leg Med

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Wastewater-based epidemiology is becoming a widespread technique with the ability to fill the gaps of conventional methods such as general population surveys, drug related deaths, seizure data. Studies on analytical techniques to identify consumption rates are more of a focus of interest than extraction methods even though sample extraction techniques have a noteworthy contribution to analysis results as well. The aim of this study was to compare two vacuum pressure manifold (negative and positive) systems in off-line solid-phase extraction (SPE) method in terms of extraction efficiency in wastewater for morphine (MOR), 6-monoacetylmorphine (6-MAM), amphetamine (AMP), methamphetamine (METH), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), benzoylecgonine (BE), cocaine (COC), 11-nor-∆9-THC carboxylic acid (THC-COOH). M Ma at te er ri ia al l a an nd d M Me et th ho od ds s: : In this study, two different extraction setups were used to determine illicit drugs from wastewater and analysis were carried out by using Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. R Re e-s su ul lt ts s: : Correlation coefficients for all substances were found as r>0.999, LOD values were between 0.01-0.2 ng mL-1. Linear ranges of 6-MAM, METH, BE and COC were found between 0.2-100 ng mL-1 , where the others' lowest calibration points were varying from 0.5 to 2 ng mL-1. Optimized SPE procedure was applied to both negative pressure manifold (NPM-SPE) and positive pressure manifold (PPM-SPE) by spiking tap water and wastewater samples separately. C Co on nc cl lu us si io on n: : Efficiency differences were tested in terms of recovery, sample loading, time consumption, pressure control ability, and contamination sources. Overall recovery results revealed that there was no significant difference between PPM and NPM-SPE processes for both tap water and wastewater. Although setups have different superiorities to one another, it has been determined that the selection of the system should be made according to the type of targeted analytes and matrices. K Ke ey yw wo or rd ds s: : Sewage; forensic toxicology; solid phase extraction; waste water Ö ÖZ ZE ET T A Am ma aç ç: : Atık su-tabanlı epidemiyolojik çalışmalar; anket araştırmaları, yasadışı madde kullanımına bağlı ölümler, ele geçirme verileri gibi geleneksel yöntemlere destek olan bir araçtır. Çekitleme tekniklerinin analiz sonuçlarına önemli katkı sağladığı bilinse de, tüketim oranlarını tayin etmek için kullanılan analitik teknikler çekitleme yöntemlerine göre daha çok ilgi odağı olmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, morfin (MOR), 6-monoasetilmorfin (6-MAM), amfetamin (AMP), metamfetamin (METH), 3,4-metilendioksimetamfetamin (MDMA), benzoilekgonin (BE), kokain (COC) ve 11-nor-∆9-THC-karboksilik asit (THC-COOH) maddelerinin atık suda çekitleme verimi açısından, negatif ve pozitif basınçlı vakum sistemlerinin kullanıldığı manuel katı faz çekitleme (SPE) yöntemlerinin karşılaştırılmasıdır. G Ge er re eç ç v ve e Y Yö ön nt te em ml le er r: : Bu çalışmada atık suda yasadışı madde tespiti için iki farklı çekit...

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Quantitative analysis of opioids and cannabinoids in wastewater samples

Cited by 29 publications

References 28 publications

Wastewater analysis for nicotine, cocaine, amphetamines, opioids and cannabis in New York City

Wastewater analysis for nicotine, cocaine, amphetamines, opioids and cannabis in New York City

24-hour multi-omics analysis of residential sewage reflects human activity and informs public health

Comparison of Two Extraction Set-ups for the Determination of Illicit Drugs fromWastewater

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