Quantitative analysis of EEG in boys with attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder: Controlled study with clinical implications

Electroencephalographic Biofeedback in the Treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

“…Consistent with the results of neuroimaging studies, neurophysiological researchers have primarily found evidence of underactivity over frontal and central, midline cortical regions in approximately 85-90% of patients with ADHD (Chabot, Merkin, Wood, Davenport, & Serfontein, 1996;Clarke, Barry, McCarthy, & Selikowitz, 2001a;Mann, Lubar, Zimmerman, Miller, & Nuenchen, 1992;Monastra et al, 1999). The primary electrophysiological indicators of underactivity that have been identified via quantitative electroencephalographic (QEEG) analysis of patients with ADHD include: elevated relative theta power, reduced relative alpha and beta power, and elevated theta/alpha and theta/beta power ratios, predominately over frontal and central, midline regions.…”

The Effect of Psycho-Educational Therapy on Electroencephalographic Biofeedback Scores in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

“…In some studies focusing on neurofeedback methodology, it was observed that when electrodes were fixed frontally, where more theta and less beta activity in patients with ADHD is found, then artifacts by eye movements may be a significant risk (Mann et al, 1992;Lubar et al, 1995;Chabot & Serfontein, 1996). For this reason it is suggested that electrodes are placed in a more central position at C3f (= halfway between C3 and F3) and C4f (= halfway between C4 and F4) (Monastra et al, 1999).…”

QEEG Characteristics and Biofeedback Modalities in Children with ADHD

“…It involves teaching skills through the rewarding experience of inducing EEG changes reflected in a perceivable signal (light or sound). Neurofeedback has been shown to be particularly useful in reference to pathologies characterized by dysfunctional regulation of cortical arousal, such as epilepsy and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (Lubar 1991(Lubar , 1997Birbaumer 1999;Mann et al 1992 As we explained previously, the application of spectral analysis to EEG shows that in some brain dysfunctions the EEG amplitude in certain frequency bands significantly differs from the EEG amplitude of healthy subjects. For example, a relatively large group of children with ADHD reveals an excess of the theta/beta ratio i.e.…”

“…In our studies the QEEG is obtained by standard MITSAR EEG recordings (21 electrodes Many studies of QEEG for the ADHD group confirmed an increased theta activity predominantly in frontal regions, and a decreased beta activity in comparison to normal children (Mann et al 1992). In this context increased theta/beta ratio is reported as a typical finding in ADHD children (Lubar 1991;Monastra et al 2001;Muller, 2006).…”

“…Multi-centric studies in USA (Monastra et al 2001;Lubar 1991Lubar , 1997Mann et al 1992) used the theta-beta ratio as an index of inattention. This so called inattention index is defined as a ratio of theta EEG power (measured within the 4-8 Hz frequency band) and beta EEG power (measured within 13-21 Hz frequency band).…”