Spectral analysis of the electrophysiological output at a single, midline prefrontal location (the vertex) was conducted in 482 individuals, ages 6-30 years old, to test the hypothesis that cortical slowing in the prefrontal region can serve as a basis for differentiating patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) from nonclinical control groups. Participants were classified into 3 groups (ADHD, inattentive; ADHD, combined; and control) on the basis of the results of a standardized clinical interview, behavioral rating scales, and a continuous performance test. Quantitative electroencephalographic (QEEG) findings indicated significant maturational effects in cortical arousal in the prefrontal cortex as well as evidence of cortical slowing in both ADHD groups, regardless of age or sex. Sensitivity of the QEEG-derived attentional index was 86%; specificity was 98%. These findings constituted a positive initial test of a QEEG-based neurometric test for use in the assessment of ADHD.

The development of a quantitative electroencephalographic (QEEG)-based procedure for use in the assessment of attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) was examined through a series of studies investigating test reliability and validation issues. This process, involving a spectral analysis of the electrophysiological power output from a single, midline, central location (the vertex), was conducted in 469 participants, 6 to 20 years of age, classified as ADHD, inattentive type; ADHD, combined type; or control. The results indicated that the QEEG scanning procedure was reliable (r = .96), was consistent with the Attention Deficit Disorders Evaluation Scale (S. B. McCarney, 1995) and the Test of Variables of Attention (L. M. Greenberg, 1994; chi-square, p < .01), and differentiated participants with ADHD from a nonclinical control group (p < .001). The sensitivity of the QEEG-derived attentional index was 90%; the specificity was 94%. The current Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.; DSM-IV; American Psychiatric Association, 1994) defines attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) as a psychiatric disorder involving pervasive symptoms of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity, which are observed in 3%-5% of children prior to the age of 7. However, examination of the DSM-IV reveals that a number of other clinical conditions are also characterized by symptoms of inattention, impulsivity, or hyperactivity (e.g., learning disorders, conduct disorders, and affective disorders). Diagnostic issues are still further complicated by the high levels of comorbidity between ADHD and conduct disorder or affective disorders (Anderson,

Historically, pharmacological treatments for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Minimal residual disease prior to allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation has been associated with increased risk of relapse and death in patients with acute myeloid leukemia, but detection methodologies and results vary widely. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis evaluating the prognostic role of minimal residual disease detected by polymerase chain reaction or multiparametric flow cytometry before transplant. We identified 19 articles published between January 2005 and June 2016 and extracted hazard ratios for leukemia-free survival, overall survival, and cumulative incidences of relapse and non-relapse mortality. Pre-transplant minimal residual disease was associated with worse leukemia-free survival (hazard ratio=2.76 [1.90–4.00]), overall survival (hazard ratio=2.36 [1.73–3.22]), and cumulative incidence of relapse (hazard ratio=3.65 [2.53–5.27]), but not non-relapse mortality (hazard ratio=1.12 [0.81–1.55]). These associations held regardless of detection method, conditioning intensity, and patient age. Adverse cytogenetics was not an independent risk factor for death or relapse. There was more heterogeneity among studies using flow cytometry-based than WT1 polymerase chain reaction-based detection (I2=75.1% vs. <0.1% for leukemia-free survival, 67.8% vs. <0.1% for overall survival, and 22.1% vs. <0.1% for cumulative incidence of relapse). These results demonstrate a strong relationship between pre-transplant minimal residual disease and post-transplant relapse and survival. Outcome heterogeneity among studies using flow-based methods may underscore site-specific methodological differences or differences in test performance and interpretation.

Eighteen children with ADD/ADHD, some of whom were also LD, ranging in ages from 5 through 15 were randomly assigned to one of two conditions. The experimental condition consisted of 40 45-minute sessions of training in enhancing beta activity and suppressing theta activity, spaced over 6 months. The control condition, waiting list group, received no EEG biofeedback. No other psychological treatment or medication was administered to any subjects. All subjects were measured at pretreatment and at posttreatment on an IQ test and parent behavior rating scales for inattention, hyperactivity, and aggressive/defiant (oppositional) behaviors. At posttreatment the experimental group demonstrated a significant increase (mean of 9 points) on the K-Bit IQ Composite as compared to the control group (p <.05). The experimental group also significantly reduced inattentive behaviors as rated by parents (p < .05). The significant improvements in intellectual functioning and attentive behaviors might be explained as a result of the attentional enhancement affected by EEG biofeedback training. Further research utilizing improved data collection and analysis, more stringent control groups, and larger sample sizes are needed to support and replicate these findings.

The non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHLs) are a heterogeneous family of lymphoid malignancies that are among the most common neoplasms of both dogs and humans. Owing to shared molecular, signaling, incidence, and pathologic features, there is a strong framework supporting the utilization of canine lymphoma as a comparative, large animal model of human NHL. In alignment with the biologic similarities, the current approach towards the diagnosis and classification of canine lymphoma is based upon the human World Health Organization guidelines. While this approach has contributed to an increasing appreciation of the potential biological scope of canine lymphoma, it has also become apparent that the most appropriate diagnostic philosophy must be multimodal, namely by requiring knowledge of microscopic, immunophenotypic, and clinical features before establishing a final disease diagnosis. This review seeks to illustrate the comparative similarities and differences in the diagnosis of canine lymphoma through the presentation of the microscopic and immunophenotypic features of its most common forms.

Deregulated expression of both Myc and Bcl-X(L) are consistent features of human plasma cell neoplasms (PCNs). To investigate whether targeted expression of Myc and Bcl-X(L) in mouse plasma cells might lead to an improved model of human PCN, we generated Myc transgenics by inserting a single-copy histidine-tagged mouse Myc gene, Myc(His), into the mouse Ig heavy-chain Calpha locus. We also generated Bcl-X(L) transgenic mice that contain a multicopy Flag-tagged mouse Bcl-x(Flag) transgene driven by the mouse Ig kappa light-chain 3' enhancer. Single-transgenic Bcl-X(L) mice remained tumor free by 380 days of age, whereas single-transgenic Myc mice developed B cell tumors infrequently (4 of 43, 9.3%). In contrast, double-transgenic Myc/Bcl-X(L) mice developed plasma cell tumors with short onset (135 days on average) and full penetrance (100% tumor incidence). These tumors produced monoclonal Ig, infiltrated the bone marrow, and contained elevated amounts of Myc(His) and Bcl-X(L)(Flag) proteins compared with the plasma cells that accumulated in large numbers in young tumor-free Myc/Bcl-X(L) mice. Our findings demonstrate that the enforced expression of Myc and Bcl-X(L) by Ig enhancers with peak activity in plasma cells generates a mouse model of human PCN that recapitulates some features of human multiple myeloma.

There is a need for effective interventions to address the core symptoms and problems associated with autistic spectrum disorder (ASD). Behavior therapy improves communication and behavioral functioning. Additional treatment options include psychopharmacolog-ical and biomedical interventions. Although these approaches help children with autistic problems, they may be associated with side effects, risks or require ongoing or long-term treatment. Neurofeedback is a noninvasive approach shown to enhance neuroregulation and metabolic function in ASD. We present a review of the literature on the application of Neurofeedback to the multiple problems associated with ASD. Directions for future research are discussed.