Quantitative analysis of differentially expressed saliva proteins in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infected individuals

Abstract

In the present study, we have established a new methodology to analyze saliva proteins from HIV-1-seropositive patients before highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and seronegative controls. A total of 593 and 601 proteins were identified in the pooled saliva samples from 5 HIV-1 subjects and 5 controls, respectively. Forty-one proteins were found to be differentially expressed. Bioinformatic analysis of differentially expressed salivary proteins showed an increase of antimicrobial proteins and decrease of protease inhibitors upon HIV-1 infection. To validate some of these differentially expressed proteins, a high-throughput quantitation method was established to determine concentrations of 10 salivary proteins in 40 individual saliva samples from 20 seropositive patients before HAART and 20 seronegative subjects. This method was based on limited protein separation within the zone of the stacking gel of the 1D SDS PAGE and using isotope-coded synthetic peptides as internal standards. The results demonstrated that a combination of protein profiling and targeted quantitation is an efficient method to identify and validate differentially expressed salivary proteins. Expression levels of members of the calcium-binding S100 protein family and deleted in malignant brain tumors 1 protein (DMBT1) were up-regulated while that of Mucin 5B was down-regulated in HIV-1 seropositive saliva samples, which may provide new perspectives for monitoring HIV-infection and understanding the mechanism of HIV-1 infectivity.

Salivary biomarkers and proteomics: future diagnostic and clinical utilities

“…Expression levels of members of the calcium-binding S100 protein family and "deleted in malignant brain tumours 1 protein" were up-regulated, while that of mucin 5B was down-regulated in HIV-1 seropositive saliva samples, suggesting new perspectives for monitoring HIV-infection and understanding the mechanism of HIV-1 infectivity 47 . Since whole saliva contains variegate microflora, several platforms were recently developed to investigate the human salivary metaproteome.…”

Up‐regulated CST5 inhibits bone resorption and activation of osteoclasts in rat models of osteoporosis via suppression of the NF‐κB pathway

“…Cystatin D is a member of cystatin family II, which is from the cystatin superfamily . It was demonstrated that CST5 expressed lowly in patients with bladder cancer and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV‐1) . Also, a previous study has proved that CST5 can inhibit xenograft tumour growth in vivo through restraining the Wnt/β‐catenin pathway .…”

“…7 It was demonstrated that CST5 expressed lowly in patients with bladder cancer and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). 8,9 Also, a previous study has proved that CST5 can inhibit xenograft tumour growth in vivo through restraining the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. 10 Interestingly, CST5, encoding cystatin D, is induced by the vitamin D receptor (VDR) directly, which is reported to work as a tumour suppressor.…”

A Quantitative Proteomics Approach to Clinical Research with Non-Traditional Samples

“…Studies based on the quantitative analysis of saliva have been done to search for new ways to monitor the progression of the disease and to understand the mechanism of infection [19]. HIV neurocognitive disorders (HAND) have also been investigated with saliva for the possible involvement of the gut in the pathophysiological mechanisms through quantitative proteomics analysis of the saliva.…”