Quantitative analysis for innervation of smooth muscle cells in the wall of the urinary bladder

Techniques for the intradetrusor administration of botulinum toxin

“…In the initial experience with BTX‐A and NDO, the trigone was avoided, as it was thought that paralysing the trigonal muscle might induce VUR. Since then there has been mounting evidence that BTX may also affect sensory nerves [5], and as afferent mechanisms have an important role in the pathophysiology of DO, some investigators in the USA have advocated injecting the trigone [6], thinking that trigonal injections would affect the region with the highest density of afferent nerve fibres [7,8]. These authors did not formally assess patients for VUR, but reported no episodes of symptomatic pyelonephritis in the treated patients.…”

“…Although the arterial oxygen saturation remained the same, the increase in PAP was virtually abolished in the group pretreated with sildenafil. Two independent trials have, albeit with small samples, found that sildenafil protects against HAPE in humans [7,8]. Also, both groups found that sildenafil improved exercise performance at altitude.…”

“…Current anti-emetic guidelines, endorsed by the Multinational Association for Supportive Care in Cancer (MASCC) in association with the American Association of Clinical Oncology and several other international oncology groups, recommend the prophylactic use of a 5-HT 3 receptor antagonist in combination with a corticosteroid for preventing CINV and RINV after moderate-to-high risk therapy [8] ( Table 2). Additionally, the recently introduced neurokinin-1-receptor antagonist, aprepitant, is recommended for use in combination with a 5-HT 3 receptor antagonist and dexamethasone after highly emetogenic chemotherapy [7].…”