Quantifying water and energy budgets and the impacts of climatic and human factors in the Haihe River Basin, China: 1. Model and validation

Detection of human‐induced evapotranspiration using GRACE satellite observations in the Haihe River basin of China

“…The data used in this study can be grouped into five categories: (1) GRACE level‐2 Release 05 spherical harmonic (SH) solutions provided by the Center for Space Research, Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam, and Jet Propulsion Laboratory are used to derive monthly TWS anomaly (TWSA) and TWSC; (2) observed TWS (see the HRB data networks in Figure b), including surface water data from 32 primary reservoirs, soil moisture from 148 stations, groundwater level from 137 monitoring wells, water diversion from the Water Resources Department of HRB, and river discharge at the HRB basin outlet (Haihezha), are used together to validate GRACE TWS data and estimate ET; (3) monthly gridded (0.5°) precipitation data from the China Meteorological Administration (CMA) are used in water budget after validation with the average from 1684 rain gauge records (see Figure S1 in the supporting information for the comparison); (4) both ET estimates from GLDAS and MODIS [ Mu et al ., , ] are used to compare with ET GWB ; and (5) both ET simulated from a regional hydrologic model [ Guo and Shen , , ] accounting for the irrigation effect on soil moisture and the estimation of ET H based on water consumption information from WRPB [] are also used to further validate ET GWB . The time span of data is from January 2005 to December 2012 based on the record length of the priori information used to correct GRACE SH solutions through using the forward modeling approach.…”

“…The identification of ET H is achieved through comparison between ET GWB and modeled ET (from the Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS) version 1 [ Rodell et al ., ]), based on the reasoning that all GLDAS LSMs (i.e., Community Land Model, Mosaic, Noah, and Variable Infiltration Capacity) only simulate natural ET as the lack of parameterization in human activities, whereas GRACE can potentially integrate the impacts of human activities [ Castle et al ., ]. The reliability of estimated ET GWB is assessed by comparison with other independent estimates from (1) water budget analysis using observed TWS data (ET OWB ), (2) previous regional hydrologic modeling by Guo and Shen [, ], (3) MODIS‐based estimate [ Mu et al ., , ], and (4) the estimate of ET H from the statistical water resources bulletin published by Water Resources Protection Bureau of HRB [ WRPB , ].…”

Vegetation changes in recent large-scale ecological restoration projects and subsequent impact on water resources in China's Loess Plateau

“…Huang et al (2003) assessed runoff responses to afforestation in a watershed (1.15 km 2 ) on the Loess Plateau using paired watershed approach. However, traditional field experiments are generally constrained to field scale and site level studies may be sensitive to the specific climatic and soil condition (Guo and Shen, 2015). Zhang et al (2015) establishes a relationship between the change in landscape parameter and vegetation change in a Budyko equation, and quantify the impact of vegetation change on the regional hydrological.…”

Spatially Explicit Assessment of Agricultural Water Equilibrium in the Korean Peninsula

“…The land water budget, determined from the hydrological cycle, has exerted the most extensive influence on the agricultural production regardless of the emergence of diverse irrigation methods and new technologies [4,14,15]. To explain the volume of water retained in the soil and available for agriculture, it is possible to utilize concepts such as water balance, water budget, and water resource among others [16][17][18]. These values have been estimated annually by using various variables in appropriate models.…”

“…In addition, a decoupling phenomenon has also occurred, wherein the food production has been increasing, but the volume of water available for agriculture has been decreasing [4,33]. To investigate such phenomenon, crop models can be used effectively to estimate the water budget in an agricultural land and the volume of water consumed by crops in that land, and thus check the supply and demand of water [18,22]. Although not explored in earlier studies, if it is possible to calculate the volume of supply and that of demand, then even the equilibrium state of agricultural water can be assessed on the basis of the difference of the two values.…”