Quantifying stem growth loss at the tree-level in a Pinus radiata plantation to repeated attack by the aphid, Essigella californica

Eyles, Alieta; Robinson, Andrew P.; Smith, David; Carnegie, Angus J.; Smith, Ian; Stone, Christine; Mohammed, CL

doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2010.09.039

Cited by 21 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…It is unclear how evergreen trees with a deterministic growth habit would restore S:S ratios, particularly after a post-flush defoliation event. Interestingly, for some of these tree species, the increase in photosynthesis has been shown to be much more long-lived, up to 16 weeks rather than only 5 weeks (Reich et al ., 1993; Eyles et al ., 2011). Longer durations of photosynthetic up-regulation have also been observed for older trees, which potentially may require a longer time to restore S:S balance, as their sinks are relatively much larger than those of young trees.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…After partial defoliation, a continuum of photosynthetic responses has been reported in the remaining foliage, with the direction, magnitude, and duration influenced by the type of damage, plant species, and environment (Sweet and Wareing, 1966; von Caemmerer and Farquhar, 1984; Lovett and Tobiessen, 1993; Reich et al ., 1993; Pinkard et al ., 2004; Turnbull et al ., 2007; Eyles et al ., 2009 b , 2011). Explanations for photosynthetic responses have been largely focused on leaf-level mechanisms such as improvements in leaf N availability (Lavigne et al ., 2001) and increases in the rates of biochemical reactions of photosynthesis (von Caemmerer and Farquhar, 1984; Layne and Flore, 1995; Ozaki et al ., 2004; Turnbull et al ., 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Whole-plant versus leaf-level regulation of photosynthetic responses after partial defoliation in Eucalyptus globulus saplings

Eyles

Pinkard

Davies

et al. 2013

Journal of Experimental Botany

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Increases in photosynthetic capacity (A1500) after defoliation have been attributed to changes in leaf-level biochemistry, water, and/or nutrient status. The hypothesis that transient photosynthetic responses to partial defoliation are regulated by whole-plant (e.g. source–sink relationships or changes in hydraulic conductance) rather than leaf-level mechanisms is tested here. Temporal variation in leaf-level gas exchange, chemistry, whole-plant soil-to-leaf hydraulic conductance (KP), and aboveground biomass partitioning were determined to evaluate mechanisms responsible for increases in A1500 of Eucalyptus globulus L. potted saplings. A1500 increased in response to debudding (B), partial defoliation (D), and combined B&D treatments by up to 36% at 5 weeks after treatment. Changes in leaf-level factors partly explained increases in A1500 of B and B&D treatments but not for D treatment. By week 5, saplings in B, B&D, and D treatments had similar leaf-specific KP to control trees by maintaining lower midday water potentials and higher transpiration rate per leaf area. Whole-plant source:sink ratios correlated strongly with A1500. Further, unlike KP, temporal changes in source:sink ratios tracked well with those observed for A1500. The results indicate that increases in A1500 after partial defoliation treatments were largely driven by an increased demand for assimilate by developing sinks rather than improvements in whole-plant water relations and changes in leaf-level factors. Three carbohydrates, galactional, stachyose, and, to a lesser extent, raffinose, correlated strongly with photosynthetic capacity, indicating that these sugars may function as signalling molecules in the regulation of longer term defoliation-induced gas exchange responses.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Whole-plant versus leaf-level regulation of photosynthetic responses after partial defoliation in Eucalyptus globulus saplings

Eyles

Pinkard

Davies

et al. 2013

Journal of Experimental Botany

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“…The Californian pine aphid, Essigella californica (Essig), defoliates pine plantations in Australia, especially trees growing on poor soils and during times of drought. It feeds on 1 year old and older needles causing them to go yellow and fall prematurely (Carver and Kent 2000;Hopmans et al 2008;Eyles et al 2011).…”

Section: Hemiptera Aphididaementioning

confidence: 99%

Senescence‐feeders: a new trophic sub‐guild of insect herbivores

White

2014

J Applied Entomology

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Herbivorous insects that have evolved to feed on senescing tissues of plants, or the phloem flowing from those tissues, comprise a distinct sub‐guild of the major trophic guilds, the senescence‐feeders. Some senescence‐feeders have evolved the capacity to accelerate the rate at which the tissues they feed on senesce, thus enhancing the quantity and quality of their food. Other species prolong their access to good food by feeding alternatively on both senescing and flushing tissues. Senescing plant tissues release a poorer quality food more slowly than the rapid inflow to new growth. As a result, senescence‐feeders grow more slowly than equivalent flush‐feeders. Any environmental stress of a plant that hastens its rate of senescence results in faster growth and higher survival of senescence‐feeders. Senescence‐feeders therefore succeed best on damaged or stressed plants and frequently reach outbreak levels on drought‐stressed trees. If the distinctive ecology of senescence‐feeders and the way in which they differ from flush‐feeders in their response to the condition of their host plants are to be recognized and understood, it is important to identify species that belong to this separate trophic sub‐guild. Such understanding is also necessary if attempts to control or manage their attacks on crops and forests are to succeed.

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“…Most frequently, the source:sink ratio decreases following defoliation, leading to compensatory photosynthesis in the remaining leaves ( Wareing and Patrick, 1975 ; Lavigne et al , 2001 ; Battaglia et al , 2011 ), although increased C uptake in the remaining leaves does not always take place ( Cerasoli et al , 2004 ; Wiley et al , 2013 ). This photosynthetic upregulation may be only short term ( Eyles et al , 2009 , 2011a ). In addition, it does not appear to occur when defoliation does not impose C limitations on growth, for example when drought stress is limiting tree growth instead ( Pinkard et al , 2011 ; Quentin et al , 2012 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

No carbon limitation after lower crown loss in Pinus radiata

et al. 2020

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Background and Aims Biotic and abiotic stressors can cause different defoliation patterns within trees. Foliar pathogens of conifers commonly prefer older needles and infection with defoliation that progresses from the bottom crown to the top. The functional role of the lower crown of trees is a key question to address the impact of defoliation caused by foliar pathogens. Methods A 2 year artificial defoliation experiment was performed using two genotypes of grafted Pinus radiata to investigate the effects of lower-crown defoliation on carbon (C) assimilation and allocation. Grafts received one of the following treatments in consecutive years: control–control, control–defoliated, defoliated–control and defoliated–defoliated. Results No upregulation of photosynthesis either biochemically or through stomatal control was observed in response to defoliation. The root:shoot ratio and leaf mass were not affected by any treatment, suggesting prioritization of crown regrowth following defoliation. In genotype B, defoliation appeared to impose C shortage and caused reduced above-ground growth and sugar storage in roots, while in genotype A, neither growth nor storage was altered. Root C storage in genotype B decreased only transiently and recovered over the second growing season. Conclusions In genotype A, the contribution of the lower crown to the whole-tree C uptake appears to be negligible, presumably conferring resilience to foliar pathogens affecting the lower crown. Our results suggest that there is no C limitation after lower-crown defoliation in P. radiata grafts. Further, our findings imply genotype-specific defoliation tolerance in P. radiata.

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Quantifying stem growth loss at the tree-level in a Pinus radiata plantation to repeated attack by the aphid, Essigella californica

Cited by 21 publications

References 37 publications

Whole-plant versus leaf-level regulation of photosynthetic responses after partial defoliation in Eucalyptus globulus saplings

Whole-plant versus leaf-level regulation of photosynthetic responses after partial defoliation in Eucalyptus globulus saplings

Senescence‐feeders: a new trophic sub‐guild of insect herbivores

No carbon limitation after lower crown loss in Pinus radiata

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