Quantifying Early-Age Stress Development and Cracking in Low Water-to-Cement Concrete: Restrained-Ring Test with Acoustic Emission

Hossain, Akhter B.; Pease, Bradley Justin; Weiss, Jason

doi:10.3141/1834-04

Cited by 33 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 4 publications

(4 reference statements)

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“…The specimen was then placed in a constant RH (50%) and temperature (21 o C) room to allow drying from top and bottom surfaces of the rings. By permitting drying from only the top and bottom surfaces of the ring, moisture is lost uniformly along the radial dimension thereby simplifying modeling and providing uniform moisture loss along the radial dimension of the specimen (Weiss et al 1998;Hossain et al 2003).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early Age Stress Development, Relaxation, and Cracking in Restrained Low W/B Ultrafine Fly Ash Mortars

Hossain

Fonseka

Bullock

2008

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This paper describes an experimental study that investigated the influence of ultrafine fly ash (UFFA), a relatively new pozzolanic admixture, on the early age stress development, stress relaxation, and cracking in restrained low water-tobinder ratio (w/b) mortars due to shrinkage. The restrained ring test was used to assess the early age residual stress development in mortar ring specimens. In addition, free shrinkage strain, elastic modulus, and splitting tensile strength measurements were performed to assess the stress relaxation (creep effect) and cracking potential. It was found that the restrained mortar mixtures containing the typical fly ash (FA) (ASTM Type-F) or the ultrafine fly ash demonstrated lower levels of residual tensile stress than the control mixture. Also, both typical fly ash mortar and ultrafine fly ash mortars demonstrated a reduction in free shrinkage. In addition, an increase in the age of cracking and a decrease in stress relaxation (creep effect) were observed in the restrained mortar ring specimens containing FA or UFFA. However, at equal replacement of cement with either FA or UFFA, the delay in the age of cracking and the reduction in stress relaxation were higher for the UFFA modified mortar.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early Age Stress Development, Relaxation, and Cracking in Restrained Low W/B Ultrafine Fly Ash Mortars

Hossain

Fonseka

Bullock

2008

ACT

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“…The role of free shrinkage e SH t ð Þ ð Þ associated to autogenous, thermal and drying shrinkage which, under a mechanical restraint conditions, are responsible for the stress and strain behavior of cementitious materials has been studied experimentally in detail by many scholars (Dean, Moon, Rajabipour, Pease, & Weiss, 2006;Hossain, Pease, & Weiss, 2003;Hossain & Weiss, 2006;Moon, 2006;Moon, Couch, & Weiss, 2006;Moon, Rajabipour, & Weiss, 2004;Weiss, 1999;Weiss & Shah, 2002). Thermal strains are also included in e SH t ð Þ since the temperature of the samples were not controlled during the tests.…”

Section: Free Shrinkagementioning

confidence: 99%

Removing Obstacles for Pavement Cost Reduction by Examining Early Age Opening Requirements: Material Properties

Antico¹,

Esmaeeli²,

Varga³

et al. 2015

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JOINT TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH PROGRAMThe Joint Transportation Research Program serves as a vehicle for INDOT collaboration with higher education institutions and industry in Indiana to facilitate innovation that results in continuous improvement in the planning, design, construction, operation, management and economic efficiency of the Indiana transportation infrastructure. https://engineering.purdue.edu/JTRP/index_html Published reports of the Joint Transportation Research Program are available at: http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/jtrp/ NOTICEThe contents of this report reflect the views of the authors, who are responsible for the facts and the accuracy of the data presented herein. The contents do not necessarily reflect the official views and policies of the Indiana Department of Transportation or the Federal Highway Administration. The report does not constitute a standard, specification, or regulation. COPYRIGHT AbstractThe risk of cracking in a concrete pavement that is opened to traffic at early ages is related to the maximum tensile stress, I , that develops in the pavement and its relationship to the measured, age dependent, flexural strength of a beam, r f . The stress that develops in the pavement is due to several factors including traffic loading and restrained volume change caused by thermal or hygral variations. The stress that develops is also dependent on the time-dependent mechanical properties, pavement thickness, and subgrade stiffness. There is a strong incentive to open many pavements to traffic as early as possible to allow construction traffic or traffic from the traveling public to use the pavement. However, if the pavement is opened to traffic too early, cracking may occur that may compromise the service life of the pavement. The purpose of this report is two-fold: 1) to examine the current opening strength requirements for concrete pavements (typically a flexural strength from beams, r f ) and 2) to propose a criterion based on the timedependent changes of r I f  which accounts for pavement thickness and subgrade stiffness without adding unnecessary risk for premature cracking. An Accelerated Pavement Testing, APT, facility was used to test concrete pavements that are opened to traffic at an early age to provide data that can be compared with an analytical model to determine the effective r I f  based on the relevant features of the concrete pavement, the subgrade, and the traffic load. It is anticipated that this type of opening criteria can help the decision makers in two ways: 1) it can open pavement sections earlier thereby reducing construction time and 2) it may help to minimize the use of materials with overly accelerated strength gain that are suspected to be more susceptible to develop damage at early ages than materials that gain strength more slowly. Key Wordsaccelerated pavement testing, concrete pavement, cracking, early age concrete, opening criteria Distribution StatementNo restrictions. This document is available to the public through the National Technical Information Se...

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“…In passive acoustic measurement, these waves are measured at the material surface and recorded. It should be noted that all acoustic events are not the same and waveform analysis can be used to differentiate between different stages of cracking such as micro-cracking, coalescence, and discrete cracking in the materials (Ohtsu et al 1991;Ouyang et al 1991;Ohtsu et al 1998;Ohtsu 1999;Hossain et al 2003;Kim and Weiss 2003;Puri and Weiss 2003;. Previous research has shown that micro-cracking progresses gradually with a series of low energy release events before a visible crack occurs in the sample.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Acoustic emission (AE) has been used by researchers to quantify the extent of the damage and capture the time of cracking in the restrained ring specimens (Hossain et al 2003;Shah 2004;Shah and Weiss 2006). Cracking and permanent deformation of materials result in the release of strain energy which leads to elastic stress wave propagation (Scott 1991).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To better quantify the level of stress that develops in the system, several researchers have used the measured strain at the inner surface of the restraining steel ring (Weiss 1999;Hossain and Weiss 2004;Hossain and Weiss 2006;. The degree of restraint is influenced by the geometry and properties of both the cementitious material and steel ring (Weiss 1999;Weiss et al 2000;Hossain et al 2003;Kim and Weiss 2003;Hossain and Weiss 2004;Shah 2004;Hossain and Weiss 2006;Shah and Weiss 2006). One challenge that arises in using the strain gage on the steel ring however is the fact that the steel ring needs to deform to have a strain generated.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Experimental Methods to Detect and Quantify Damage in Restrained Concrete Ring Specimens

Pour-Ghaz

Poursaee

Spragg

et al. 2011

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This paper describes the use of three experimental methods to detect shrinkage cracking in restrained ring specimens. These methods include monitoring the strain at the inner surface of the restraining steel ring, using passive acoustic emission, and measuring the electrical resistance of conductive materials that are applied to the surface of the mortar. The methods for detecting cracking are compared and their advantages and limitations are discussed. Both plain and steel fiber reinforced (2% steel fiber by volume) mortar were evaluated in this study. The time of through cracking detected by the three methods corresponds to the time of visible cracking. In the mixtures containing fibers the time of through cracking is delayed significantly when compared to the plain systems. The delay in the age of through cracking can be explained by the role of fibers in arresting the cracks as they develop and their role in transferring stress across the crack width that keeps the cracks from opening. The passive acoustic emission data indicates substantial damage development before a through crack forms. The time of through cracking can be detected using conductive surfaces with a sudden increase in resistance of these conductive elements. Cracking can be detected using conductive coatings when the crack is 0.02 mm or larger. Specimens with different degrees of restraint show through cracking at approximately the same stress level; however, the age at which cracking occurs decreases as the degree of restraint increases. This can be attributed to the increased micro-cracking (i.e., damage and precritical crack growth) as confirmed with acoustic emission data.

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Quantifying Early-Age Stress Development and Cracking in Low Water-to-Cement Concrete: Restrained-Ring Test with Acoustic Emission

Cited by 33 publications

References 4 publications

Early Age Stress Development, Relaxation, and Cracking in Restrained Low W/B Ultrafine Fly Ash Mortars

Early Age Stress Development, Relaxation, and Cracking in Restrained Low W/B Ultrafine Fly Ash Mortars

Removing Obstacles for Pavement Cost Reduction by Examining Early Age Opening Requirements: Material Properties

Experimental Methods to Detect and Quantify Damage in Restrained Concrete Ring Specimens

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