Quantification of the hindlimb extensor thrust response in rats

Ross, Joseph F.; Handley, D.; Fix, Andrew S.; Lawhorn, Gerald T.; Carr, Gregory J.

doi:10.1016/s0892-0362(97)00044-5

Cited by 14 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…The hindlimb grip apparatus measures flexor muscle strength, and previous studies indicate ladder climbing evokes increased flexor movement (e.g., Bolton et al, 2006; Ross et al, 1997). Exercising rats had greater hindlimb grip strength and GAS muscle mass relative to sedentary control rats.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of resistance exercise on cocaine self-administration, muscle hypertrophy, and BDNF expression in the nucleus accumbens

Strickland

Abel

Lacy

et al. 2016

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

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Background Exercise is associated with positive outcomes in drug abusing populations and reduces drug self-administration in laboratory animals. To date, most research has focused on aerobic exercise, and other types of exercise have not been examined. This study examined the effects of resistance exercise (strength training) on cocaine self-administration and BDNF expression, a marker of neuronal activation regulated by aerobic exercise. Methods Female rats were assigned to either exercising or sedentary conditions. Exercising rats climbed a ladder wearing a weighted vest and trained six days/week. Training consisted of a three-set “pyramid” in which the number of repetitions and resistance varied across three sets: eight climbs carrying 70% body weight (BW), six climbs carrying 85% BW, and four climbs carrying 100% BW. Rats were implanted with intravenous catheters and cocaine self-administration was examined. Behavioral economic measures of demand intensity and demand elasticity were derived from the behavioral data. BDNF mRNA expression was measured via qRT-PCR in the nucleus accumbens following behavioral testing. Results Exercising rats self-administered significantly less cocaine than sedentary rats. A behavioral economic analysis revealed that exercise increased demand elasticity for cocaine, reducing consumption at higher unit prices. Exercising rats had lower BDNF expression in the nucleus accumbens core than sedentary rats. Conclusions These data indicate that resistance exercise decreases cocaine self-administration and reduces BDNF expression in the nucleus accumbens after a history of cocaine exposure. Collectively, these findings suggest that strength training reduces the positive reinforcing effects of cocaine and may decrease cocaine use in human populations.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of resistance exercise on cocaine self-administration, muscle hypertrophy, and BDNF expression in the nucleus accumbens

Strickland

Abel

Lacy

et al. 2016

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

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“…The extensor thrust response [19] was measured at PND 59. A Plexiglas plate (6 cm × 3 cm × 0.5 cm) was attached to the force gauge.…”

Section: Measurement Of Extensor Thrust Responsementioning

confidence: 99%

Recovery of motor coordination after exercise is correlated to enhancement of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in lactational vanadium-exposed rats

Wang

Lin

2015

Neuroscience Letters

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“…Reflex and reaction tests are generally quick and easy to perform and require modest training and expertise. Procedures used to quantify some of the reflexes and reactions include forelimb/hindlimb grasp, auditory startle, and extensor thrust (56,57).…”

Section: Motor Functionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Methods to identify and characterize developmental neurotoxicity for human health risk assessment. I: behavioral effects.

Cory‐Slechta

Crofton

Foran

et al. 2001

Environ Health Perspect

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79The normal structure and function of the nervous system may be altered as a result of exposure to some xenobiotics before or after birth. Alterations in nervous system function may be identified in laboratory animals using neurobehavioral methods. Our understanding of neurobehavioral methods is derived primarily from an extensive history of use in four related disciplines: experimental psychology, ethology, biopsychology, and behavioral pharmacology. Because of the vast array of technologies and experimental models provided by these histories, the neurobehavioral panel of the working group convened by the International Life Sciences Institute Risk Science Institute decided to limit and focus our discussion to those most relevant and promising for developmental assessment. We divided the available assessment methods into six categories: sensory function, motor function, cognitive function, social behaviors, autonomic/thermoregulatory processes, and biologic rhythms. Developmental neurotoxicity (DNT) data available for the first three categories far exceed the data available for the latter three; therefore, discussion of the first three categories was more extensive and focused on basic principles that form the basis for proper use and interpretation. The consensus of the neurobehavioral panel was that the behavioral test methods used in DNT testing are, for the most part, employed correctly in hundreds of different laboratories around the world. However, there are numerous examples of the misuse of these methods and misinterpretation of results derived from these methods. Therefore, a major focus of the discussion that follows outlines the principles for proper use and interpretation of these methods. The latter three categories were discussed less extensively and primarily from the standpoint of potential usefulness for DNT. Although neurophysiologic techniques also have an extensive history of use in both neuroscience and clinical neurology (1), these have not been used on a wide scale for DNT studies and were outside the scope of the current discussion. Common IssuesMany issues are common to most, if not all, methods of behavioral testing for DNT. The importance of most of these issues has been recognized, with attempts to ensure that methodology addresses them appropriately. Discussions in this section provide additional guidance on consideration of these issues in the use of behavioral test methods in DNT testing.Behavioral tests vary along many dimensions of desirable properties, including the amount of available validation data, speed of testing, breadth and/or specificity of test results, availability of equipment and personnel to conduct the test, and extrapolation of results among species. Thus, the most desirable properties depend upon the experimental context (i.e., what is the question being asked? What other end points are available to address the issue?). The latter question is extremely important and often overlooked because most tests are part of a battery. If little is known about a test subst...

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Quantification of the hindlimb extensor thrust response in rats

Cited by 14 publications

References 16 publications

The effects of resistance exercise on cocaine self-administration, muscle hypertrophy, and BDNF expression in the nucleus accumbens

The effects of resistance exercise on cocaine self-administration, muscle hypertrophy, and BDNF expression in the nucleus accumbens

Recovery of motor coordination after exercise is correlated to enhancement of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in lactational vanadium-exposed rats

Methods to identify and characterize developmental neurotoxicity for human health risk assessment. I: behavioral effects.

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