Quantification of Shunt Volume Through Ventricular Septal Defect by Real-Time 3-D Color Doppler Echocardiography: An in Vitro Study

Zhu, Meihua; Ashraf, Muhammad; Tam, Lydia; Streiff, Cole; Kimura, Sumito; Shimada, Eriko; Sahn, David J.

doi:10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2015.12.017

Cited by 2 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…This in vitro study demonstrated that 3DE is a feasible method for evaluating the cross‐sectional area of VSDs and is more accurate than 2DE when the geometry of the VSD is noncircular or if multiple VSDs are clustered together. Our group has previously shown that RT3D‐CDE is able to accurately evaluate shunt volumes of circular VSDs, but its ability to evaluate noncircular VSDs has been in question . This in vitro study demonstrated that RT3D‐CDE is feasible for evaluating shunt volumes when there are numerous clustered VSDs or noncircular VSDs (oval, crescent, triangular), even with a circular sample plate.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 78%

“…The ability of RT3D‐CDE to measure shunt volume through multiple VSDs has been questioned . In this study, it was possible to accurately measure the overall shunt volume of a cluster of three VSDs using one large sample plate covering each of the three clustered VSDs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In a recent study by Zhu et al, RT3D‐CDE accurately quantified shunt volume through circular model VSDs both at 60 and at 120 bpm, with no statistical difference between the two. As RT3D‐CDE utilizes a single, circular user‐defined sample plate to measure color flow, the ability of this method to accurately quantify the shunt volume of noncircular or multiple VSDs (either spread out or clustered together) has been in question . Therefore, there is a need to study the ability of RT3D‐CDE to determine shunt volume through noncircular VSDs and multiple VSDs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…[30][31][32] Real time 3D color Doppler echocardiography (RT3D-CDE) is a promising method to measure VSD shunt volume. In a recent study by Zhu et al, 33 RT3D-CDE accurately quantified shunt volume through circular model VSDs both at 60 and at 120 bpm, with no statistical difference between the two. As RT3D-CDE utilizes a single, circular user-defined sample plate to measure color flow, the ability of this method to accurately quantify the shunt volume of noncircular or multiple VSDs (either spread out or clustered together) has been in question.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…As RT3D-CDE utilizes a single, circular user-defined sample plate to measure color flow, the ability of this method to accurately quantify the shunt volume of noncircular or multiple VSDs (either spread out or clustered together) has been in question. 33 Therefore, there is a need to study the ability of RT3D-CDE to determine shunt volume through noncircular VSDs and multiple VSDs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Quantification of the area and shunt volume of multiple, circular, and noncircular ventricular septal defects: A 2D/3D echocardiography comparison and real time 3D color Doppler feasibility determination study

et al. 2017

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Background Quantification of defect size and shunt flow is an important aspect of ventricular septal defect (VSD) evaluation. This study compared three‐dimensional echocardiography (3DE) with the current clinical standard two‐dimensional echocardiography (2DE) for quantifying defect area and tested the feasibility of real time 3D color Doppler echocardiography (RT3D‐CDE) for quantifying shunt volume of irregular shaped and multiple VSDs. Methods Latex balloons were sutured into the ventricles of 32 freshly harvested porcine hearts and were connected with tubing placed in septal perforations. Tubing was varied in area (0.13–5.22 cm²), number (1–3), and shape (circle, oval, crescent, triangle). A pulsatile pump was used to pump “blood” through the VSD (LV to RV) at stroke volumes of 30–70 mL with a stroke rate of 60 bpm. Two‐dimensional echocardiography (2DE), 3DE, and RT3D‐CDE images were acquired from the right side of the phantom. Results For circular VSDs, both 2DE and 3DE area measurements were consistent with the actual areas (R² = 0.98 vs 0.99). For noncircular/multiple VSDs, 3DE correlated with the actual area more closely than 2DE (R² = 0.99 vs 0.44). Shunt volumes obtained using RT3D‐CDE positively correlated with pumped stroke volumes (R² = 0.96). Conclusions Three‐dimensional echocardiography (3DE) is a feasible method for determining VSD area and is more accurate than 2DE for evaluating the area of multiple or noncircular VSDs. Real‐time 3D color Doppler echocardiography (RT3D‐CDE) is a feasible method for quantifying the shunt volume of multiple or noncircular VSDs.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 78%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 91%