Quantification of the area and shunt volume of multiple, circular, and noncircular ventricular septal defects: A 2D/3D echocardiography comparison and real time 3D color Doppler feasibility determination study

Abstract

Background Quantification of defect size and shunt flow is an important aspect of ventricular septal defect (VSD) evaluation. This study compared three‐dimensional echocardiography (3DE) with the current clinical standard two‐dimensional echocardiography (2DE) for quantifying defect area and tested the feasibility of real time 3D color Doppler echocardiography (RT3D‐CDE) for quantifying shunt volume of irregular shaped and multiple VSDs. Methods Latex balloons were sutured into the ventricles of 32 freshly harvested porcine hearts and were connected with tubing placed in septal perforations. Tubing was varied in area (0.13–5.22 cm²), number (1–3), and shape (circle, oval, crescent, triangle). A pulsatile pump was used to pump “blood” through the VSD (LV to RV) at stroke volumes of 30–70 mL with a stroke rate of 60 bpm. Two‐dimensional echocardiography (2DE), 3DE, and RT3D‐CDE images were acquired from the right side of the phantom. Results For circular VSDs, both 2DE and 3DE area measurements were consistent with the actual areas (R² = 0.98 vs 0.99). For noncircular/multiple VSDs, 3DE correlated with the actual area more closely than 2DE (R² = 0.99 vs 0.44). Shunt volumes obtained using RT3D‐CDE positively correlated with pumped stroke volumes (R² = 0.96). Conclusions Three‐dimensional echocardiography (3DE) is a feasible method for determining VSD area and is more accurate than 2DE for evaluating the area of multiple or noncircular VSDs. Real‐time 3D color Doppler echocardiography (RT3D‐CDE) is a feasible method for quantifying the shunt volume of multiple or noncircular VSDs.

Parents’ knowledge and attitudes regarding transthoracic device closure of VSD in children: a cross-sectional study

“…Our results also confirmed the importance of health education regarding the safety and efficacy of transthoracic device closure of VSD. Studies have shown that heart models created using 3D printing technology are useful for CHD education [20][21][22]. Such models inspired students' interest in learning about CHD and improved the effectiveness of medical education.…”

“…Such models inspired students' interest in learning about CHD and improved the effectiveness of medical education. The 3D-printed heart models can represent real spatial relationships and permit the physical manipulation of external and intracardiac structures [20][21][22]. Therefore, we could use a heart model to make descriptions of this procedure more concrete, which would make parents would be more receptive to information about the procedure and more easily accepted it.…”

Transcatheter closure for post-infarction ventricular septal defect: A meta-analysis of the current evidence

“…Many analysts now argue that the strategy of 3DTTE/3DTEE over 2DTTE has been successful for the evaluation of VSD following AMI, for example, argues that VSD shape and its changes during the cardiac cycle can be visually and quantitatively displayed. 3DTTE/3DTEE may thus be particularly useful before and during percutaneous VSD closure [27][28][29] .…”

“…Nevertheless, it is difficult to obtain a uniform standard due to empirical judgment with the naked eye. Recent evidence demonstrated that three-dimensional color Doppler echocardiography is a feasible method for quantifying the shunt volume in VSD patients [27] , which had potential value on judging the indication of residual shunt need a secondary percutaneous procedure or surgical intervention. In order to reduce the occurrence of adverse events and complications, there is no doubt that the physicians should take care and comprehensive into consideration the medical conditions of patients to assess which is the best therapeutic decision.…”

TD-DFT Calculations, NBO, NLO Analysis and Electronic Absorption Spectra of Some Novel Thiazolo[3,2-a]Pyridine Derivatives Bearing Anthracenyl Moiety

“…Nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds have a diverse range of biological and pharmacological properties [1][2][3][4]. Thiazolo [3,2a]pyridines, containing two fused heterocyclic rings, also; it's found in medicinal chemistry as they have an excellent biological activity with a wide range of applications, including antimicrobial [5], antiviral [6] antihypertensive [7], antihistaminic [8], neurotropic [9], anticonvulsant [10], antidepressant, sedative, analgesic [11,12] and anti-cancer activities. Among the various of anthraquinones are identified also biologically active compounds.…”