Quantification of pepsinogen C and prostaglandin D synthase in breast cyst fluid and their potential utility for cyst type classification

Borchert, Gudrun H.; Melegos, Dimitrios N.; Yu, He; Giai, M; Roagna, Riccardo; Ponzone, Riccardo; Sgrò, Luca; Diamandis, Eleftherios P.

doi:10.1016/s0009-9120(98)00079-4

Cited by 6 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Several more recent findings have demonstrated that L-PGDS also has important vascular functions [7][8][9][10][11] as well as associations to cancer [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26]. Our laboratory has uncovered several findings related to L-PGDS-mediated cell proliferation, apoptosis and migration that would also suggest a possible role in cancer progression [27][28][29].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 86%

Diminished lipocalin-type prostaglandin D2 synthase expression in human lung tumors

et al. 2010

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 86%

Diminished lipocalin-type prostaglandin D2 synthase expression in human lung tumors

et al. 2010

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“…The presence of proteolytic enzymes in BCFs is an important pathogenetic clue with clinical relevance, revealing that an imbalance between proteinases and protease inhibitors may account for gross cyst development and evolution [111,145]. Among these, enkephalinase and angiotensin-converting enzymes [144], pepsinogen C [158][159][160], prostaglandin D synthase [160], are detectable in BCFs related to local inflammatory reaction and growth-promoting activity, suggesting proteolysis as key role in BBD pathogenesis [161]. The presence of pro-cathepsin D and fully activated cathepsin D at higher levels in apocrine Type I respect to flattened cysts [146] has been suggested as a useful clinical tool and a prognostic marker to identify GCBD patients with higher BC risk [93].…”

Section: Enzymes and Proteinasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human gross cyst breast disease and cystic fluid: bio-molecular, morphological, and clinical studies

Mannello

Tonti

Papa

2005

Breast Cancer Res Treat

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For more than one and a half century the cystic disease of the breast has been recognized as the most frequent female benign breast lesion. Although some conundrums and controversies exist about the relation between gross cysts and breast cancer, recent evidence suggests that the multidisciplinary study of gross cystic breast disease (GCBD) may be a powerful tool for predicting the natural history of the multifaceted gross cyst pathology. A lot of papers have been published on breast cyst fluids (BCF) concerning biochemical, hormonal and morphological aspects, demonstrating that the intracystic fluid contains a wide variety of components (such as ions, lipids, proteins, enzymes, growth factors and antigens) and suggesting that their profile provides additional knowledge on both physiopathology and etiologic pathways of human gross cystic breast disease. The aim of this overview is the critical evaluation of all data accumulated in the last thirty years, in order to highlight the utility of biochemical and epidemiological studies to identify gross cysts, if any, at higher breast cancer risk.

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“…The protein, hormone, and electrolyte content of breast cyst fluid has been the subject of numerous studies that have shown that this fluid contains a variety of biologically active substances including steroids (19 -23) and cytokines and growth factors (insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-␣, transforming growth factor-␣ and -␤, interleukin (IL)-1, and IL-6)) (24 -28) as well as proteins such as prostate-specific antigen (9, 29 -31), proteases (kallikrein 6 and pepsinogen C) (32,33), c-ErbB-2 oncoprotein (ErbB-2 protein) (34), and carcinoembryonic antigen (34). Zinc-␣2-glycoprotein (35,36), apolipoprotein D (apoD) (37,38), also known as gross cystic disease fluid protein (GCDFP)-24, and GCDFP-15 (39,40) are the three most abundant proteins present in breast gross cystic disease fluid.…”

Section: And References Therein)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Apocrine Cysts of the Breast

Celis

Gromov

Moreira

et al. 2006

Molecular & Cellular Proteomics

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Up to one-third of women aged 30 -50 years have cysts in their breasts and are presumed to be at increased risk of developing breast cancer. Here we present an extensive proteomic and immunohistochemistry (IHC) study of breast apocrine cystic lesions aimed at generating specific biomarkers and elucidating the relationship, if existent, of apocrine cysts with cancer phenotype. To this end we compared the expression profiles of apocrine macrocysts obtained from mastectomies from high risk cancer patients with those of cancerous and non-malignant mammary tissue biopsies collected from the same patients. We identified two biomarkers, 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase and 3-hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase, that were expressed specifically by apocrine type I cysts as well as by apocrine metaplastic cells in type II microcysts, terminal ducts, and intraductal papillary lesions. No expression of these markers was observed in non-malignant terminal ductal lobular units, type II flat cysts, stroma cells, or fat tissue as judged by IHC analysis of matched non-malignant tissue samples collected from 93 high risk patients enrolled in our cancer program. IHC analysis of the corresponding 93 primary tumors indicated that most apocrine changes have little intrinsic malignant potential, although some may progress to invasive apocrine cancer. None of the apocrine lesions examined, however, seemed to be a precursor of invasive ductal carcinomas, which accounted for 81% of the tumors analyzed. Our studies also provided some insight into the origin, development, and enlargement of apocrine cysts in mammary tissue. The successful identification of differentially expressed proteins that characterize specific steps in the progression from early benign lesions to apocrine cancer opens a window of opportunity for designing and testing new approaches for pharmacological intervention, not only in a therapeutic setting but also for chemoprevention, to inhibit cyst development as both 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase and 3-hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase are currently being targeted for chemoprevention strategies in various malignancies. Molecular & Cellular Proteomics 5:462-483, 2006.The human breast presents many benign lesions that involve both the glandular and stromal tissues. These include fibrocystic changes, benign breast tumors, and breast inflammatory disease (1). Fibrocystic changes affect more than 50% of women during their lifetime and are comprised of cystic dilation of ducts, apocrine metaplasia of ductal epithelium, fibrosis, adenosis, and intraductal epithelial proliferation (Ref. and references therein).Cysts are fluid-filled sacs that usually develop in the upper half of the breast and are most common in women between 30 and 50 years of age (3). They are also found in menopausal women on hormone replacement therapy. Cysts start as a microscopic dilation of the ductules (microcyst) but can enlarge and reach sizes of a couple of centimeters in diameter (macrocysts) causing pain and discomfort due to the tens...

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Quantification of pepsinogen C and prostaglandin D synthase in breast cyst fluid and their potential utility for cyst type classification

Cited by 6 publications

References 24 publications

Diminished lipocalin-type prostaglandin D2 synthase expression in human lung tumors

Diminished lipocalin-type prostaglandin D2 synthase expression in human lung tumors

Human gross cyst breast disease and cystic fluid: bio-molecular, morphological, and clinical studies

Apocrine Cysts of the Breast

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