Quantification of lincomycin resistance genes associated with lincomycin residues in waters and soils adjacent to representative swine farms in China

Abstract

Lincomycin is commonly used on swine farms for growth promotion as well as disease treatment and control. Consequently, lincomycin may accumulate in the environment adjacent to the swine farms in many ways, thereby influencing antibiotic resistance in the environment. Levels of lincomycin-resistance genes and lincomycin residues in water and soil samples collected from multiple sites near wastewater discharge areas were investigated in this study. Sixteen lincomycin-resistance and 16S rRNA genes were detected using real-time PCR. Three genes, lnu(F), erm(A), and erm(B), were detected in all water and soil samples except control samples. Lincomycin residues were determined by rapid resolution liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, with concentrations detected as high as 9.29 ng/mL in water and 0.97 ng/g in soil. A gradual reduction in the levels of lincomycin-resistance genes and lincomycin residues in the waters and soils were detected from multiple sites along the path of wastewater discharging to the surrounding environment from the swine farms. Significant correlations were found between levels of lincomycin-resistance genes in paired water and soil samples (r = 0.885, p = 0.019), and between lincomycin-resistance genes and lincomycin residues (r = 0.975, p < 0.01). This study emphasized the potential risk of dissemination of lincomycin-resistance genes such as lnu(F), erm(A), and erm(B), associated with lincomycin residues in surrounding environments adjacent to swine farms.

Analysis of bacteriological pollution and the detection of antibiotic resistance genes of prevailing bacteria emanating from pig farm seepage

“…Furthermore, results for resistance gene detection, as shown in this study, were also consistent to those observed by Munir & Xagoraraki (2011). The abundance of Inu F resistance gene in this study was lower than those observed by Cheng et al (2013); Li et al (2013). Detection of aph (3')-IIIa and bla TEM in this study were similar to those observed by Sun et al (2014).…”

“…Polymerase chain reaction with specific oligonucleotide primers was used to determine the presence/occurrence of antibiotic resistance Li et al (2013) TA B L E 1 (Continued) genes (ARG) in isolates that showed multidrug resistance to the antibiotics tested. The detection of 26 ARGs targets cutting across different classes of antibiotics tested was analyzed following a previous protocol described by Hsu, Wang, Chen, Lu, & Chen (2007).…”

Soil bacteriological pollution in pig farm vicinity: Assessment of bacterial dynamics and detection of antimicrobial resistance gene

“…The observations from this study differed from those observed by Faldynova et al (2013) because aadA resistance gene was not detected in all isolates and sul1 and sul2 resistance genes were more or less equally observed in isolates from soil samples in pig farm. In a study conducted by Li et al (2013), they observed an abundance of InuF resistance gene in all soil samples collected in pig farm and this was not the case in this study as InuF resistance gene was less detected in soil samples from pig farm. Similar results reported by Li et al (2013) were also reported by Cheng et al (2013) where widespread of InuF resistance gene was also observed in soil samples proximal to pig farm.…”

“…In a study conducted by Li et al (2013), they observed an abundance of InuF resistance gene in all soil samples collected in pig farm and this was not the case in this study as InuF resistance gene was less detected in soil samples from pig farm. Similar results reported by Li et al (2013) were also reported by Cheng et al (2013) where widespread of InuF resistance gene was also observed in soil samples proximal to pig farm.…”

Fate and transport of tylosin-resistant bacteria and macrolide resistance genes in artificially drained agricultural fields receiving swine manure

“…Isolates containing ermC were in the low-G + C content group. ErmC was not detected in water or soil collected from wastewater trenches exporting waste from a swine farm (Li et al, 2013). ErmC was detected in hog house effluent by Chen et al (2007), but less frequently than the five other erm genes screened for in the study.…”