Quantification of carbon dioxide and methane emissions in urban areas: source apportionment based on atmospheric observations

Abstract

Anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide (CO 2) and methane (CH 4) in the atmosphere constitute an important component of the related carbon budget. The main source of anthropogenic CO 2 is burning of fossil fuels, especially in densely populated areas. Similar emissions of CH 4 are associated with the agricultural sector, coal mining, and other human activities, such as waste management and storage and natural gas networks supplying methane to large urban, industrial centers. We discuss several methods aimed at characterizing and quantifying atmospheric loads and fluxes of CO 2 and CH 4 in Krakow, the second largest city in Poland. The methods are based on atmospheric observations of mixing ratios as well as isotopic composition of the investigated gases. Atmospheric mixing ratios of CO 2 and CH 4 were measured using gas chromatography (GC) and cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS). The isotopic composition of CO 2 and CH 4 was analyzed using isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS), accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS), and CRDS techniques. These data, combined with auxiliary information characterizing the intensity of vertical mixing in the lower atmosphere (height of the nocturnal boundary layer [NBL] and atmospheric 222 Rn concentration), were further used to quantify emission rates of CO 2 and CH 4 in the urban atmosphere of Krakow. These methods provide an efficient way of quantifying surface emissions of major greenhouse gases originating from distributed sources, thus complementing the widely used bottom-up methodology based on emission statistics.

Errors and uncertainties in a gridded carbon dioxide emissions inventory

“…edu/influx/) are good examples. For Poland, a coordinated effort with existing observation projects such as Zimnoch et al (2018) (radiocarbon measurements at Krakow) and Messerschmidt et al (2012) (upward looking FTIR at Białystok) provide a starting point to approach emission uncertainty using a top-down vs. bottom-up approach. Such efforts need to be supported for a long term for monitoring purpose.…”

Quantifying greenhouse gas emissions

“…The papers by Lesiv et al (2018), Oda et al (2019), and Zimnoch et al (2018) explore the use of additional, ideally independent, observations as top-down constraints, such as atmospheric measurements and remote sensing, to identify and close potential inaccuracies in bottom-up inventories. Although, all three papers exercise bottom-up/top-down, high-resolution, or gridded, at subglobal scales, they show potential to expand to global scales-which is why, arguably, there are still some degrees of freedom in closing (verifying) bottom-up and topdown.…”

“…However, as noted by the authors, such a request would need to accompany concerted global actions, ranging from the collection and reporting of data, through monitoring, to international governance. Zimnoch et al (2018) focus on top-down estimation of both CO 2 and CH 4 emissions from the urban area of Krakow, Poland. They present a set of methods based on atmospheric observations of CO 2 and CH 4 mixing ratios and their isotopic composition, the use of additional data relating to the atmospheric concentration of radon and mixing layer height, and atmospheric modeling, to identify and quantify urban emissions.…”

Penentuan Radiative Forcing Dari Karbondioksida (Co2) Dan Metana (Ch4) Di Gaw Bukit Kototabang Serta Hubungannya Dengan Suhu Permukaan Atmosfer Dan Laut

“…Sumber alami gas-gas ini adalah proses geologi termasuk proses vulkanik, serta proses-proses alami yang terjadi di hutan, danau, daratan dan laut. Sedangkan sumber antropogenik kedua gas ini dari kegiatan industri, penggunaan bahan bakar fosil, pertanian (terutama untuk CH 4 ) serta limbah industri dan rumah tangga, (Khan et al, 2007;Zimnoch et al, 2018).…”