Quantification of atmospheric emissions and energy metrics from simulated clamp kiln technology in the clay brick industry

Akinshipe, Oladapo; Kornelius, Gerrit

doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2018.01.074

Cited by 21 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…The mean concentrations of CO2 and SO2 emissions from the FCBTKs in this study (46,175 mg/m 3 , 735 mg/m 3 , respectively) were observed to be higher in comparison to kilns in Bangladesh and India [18,25]. Comparison of CO2 and SO2 emissions from IDZKs (35,639 mg/m 3 and 371 mg/m 3 , respectively) in the present study indicates similarity to CO2 emissions from most Indian kilns [25], but higher than in those from Bangladesh [18] or South Africa [26]. SO2 emissions were comparable with those from Bangladeshi kilns [18] but were higher than those in other Indian [25], Vietnamese [27], and South African kilns [26] (except for a VSBK in India).…”

Section: Emission Factor Per Kilogram Of Brick Manufactured (G/kg Brick)supporting

confidence: 60%

“…Comparison of CO2 and SO2 emissions from IDZKs (35,639 mg/m 3 and 371 mg/m 3 , respectively) in the present study indicates similarity to CO2 emissions from most Indian kilns [25], but higher than in those from Bangladesh [18] or South Africa [26]. SO2 emissions were comparable with those from Bangladeshi kilns [18] but were higher than those in other Indian [25], Vietnamese [27], and South African kilns [26] (except for a VSBK in India). However, the DDK in India [25] had extremely low SO2 concentrations (0.0047 mg/m 3 ) owing to the use of biomass fuel and not coal.…”

Section: Emission Factor Per Kilogram Of Brick Manufactured (G/kg Brick)mentioning

confidence: 61%

“…PM 2.5 emission concentrations in FCBTKs (303 ± 152 mg/m 3 ) in Nepal were higher than those in India or Bangladesh [18,25]. IDZKs (148 ± 61 mg/m 3 ) had comparable emissions with kilns measured in Bangladesh and Vietnam [17,26], but were higher than the VSBK kiln and lower than DDK kilns in India [25]. The highest concentrations observed in DDK kilns in India were due to the use of only twigs and leaves as fuel.…”

Section: Emission Factor Per Kilogram Of Brick Manufactured (G/kg Brick)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Comparative Study of Stack Emissions from Straight-Line and Zigzag Brick Kilns in Nepal

et al. 2019

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Nepal has approximately 1000 operational brick kilns, which contribute significantly to ambient air pollution. They also account for 1.81% of the total bricks produced in the South Asian region. Little is known about their emissions, which are consequently not represented in regional/global emission inventories. This study compared emissions from seven brick kilns. Four were Fixed Chimney Bull’s Trench Kilns (FCBTKs) and three were Induced-Draught Zigzag Kilns (IDZKs). The concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), black carbon (BC), and particulate matter (PM) with a diameter less than 2.5 µm (PM2.5) were measured. The respective emission factors (EFs) were estimated using the carbon mass balance method. The average fuel-based EF for CO2, SO2, PM2.5, and BC were estimated as 1633 ± 134, 22 ± 22, 3.8 ± 2.6 and 0.6 ± 0.2 g per kg, respectively, for all FCBTKs. Those for IDZKs were 1981 ± 232, 24 ± 22, 3.1 ± 1, and 0.4 ± 0.2 g per kg, respectively. Overall, the study found that converting the technology from straight-line kilns to zigzag kilns can reduce PM2.5 emissions by ~20% and BC emissions by ~30%, based on emission factor estimates of per kilogram of fuel. While considering per kilogram of fired brick, emission reductions were approximately 40% for PM2.5 and 55% for BC, but this definitely depends on proper stacking and firing procedures.

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Section: Emission Factor Per Kilogram Of Brick Manufactured (G/kg Brick)supporting

confidence: 60%

Section: Emission Factor Per Kilogram Of Brick Manufactured (G/kg Brick)mentioning

confidence: 61%

Section: Emission Factor Per Kilogram Of Brick Manufactured (G/kg Brick)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Comparative Study of Stack Emissions from Straight-Line and Zigzag Brick Kilns in Nepal

et al. 2019

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“…Several studies about the manufacture of handmade bricks show that pollutant gases are emitted such as SOx, NOx, CO, CO 2 , particulate matter (PM) or total suspended particulates (TSP)-particles that pass through a size-selective inlet with a 50% cut-off at 1, 2.5 and 10 µm aerodynamic diameter (PM 1 , PM 2.5 and PM 10 , respectively)-metals (Cu, Cr, Pb, Ni, Zn, Cd, Fe, Mn), fluorides and organic compounds (methane, ethane, volatile organic compounds (VOCs)), persistent organic compounds (POPs) and some hazardous air pollutants such as hydrogen chloride (HCl) and hydrogen cyanide (HCN) [64][65][66][67][68][69]. Akinshipe and Kornelius [69] reported that the contribution of brick production to global emissions of black carbon, organic carbon, PM 1 , SO 2 and CO is 5.5%, 2.6%, 1.6%, 2.9% and 1.6%, respectively. Meanwhile, the contribution of South-West-Central Asia's brick production to regional emissions of black carbon is 10.4%, e.g., the total emissions from the brick manufacturing in the Greater Dhaka region, to produce 3.5 billion bricks per year has been estimated about 23,300 t of PM 2.5 , 15,500 t of SO 2 , 302,000 t of CO, 6000 t of black carbon and 1.8 million of CO 2 [67].…”

Section: Bk Emissionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Artisan Brick Kilns: State-of-the-Art and Future Trends

et al. 2020

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A large part of the global brick manufacturing industry has evolved based on knowledge transmitted from generation to generation without developing a consistent scientific approach. The purpose of this article is to contribute to this approach by discussing the state-of-the-art and future trends of the design and construction of artisan brick kilns (ABK). The methodology proposed for this study is based on a systematic literature review whereby main question is: What research exists on brick kilns? Based on the results of this review, it is recommended that appropriate emerging technologies that should be incorporated to ABKs for either medium or small enterprises should be: mechanical fans, envelope thermal insulation, organic waste of uniform size as fuel, automatic control of process variables and computer simulations of phenomenological processes. This should be accompanied by technical training for the brick-makers and greater access to financing funds. The technologies reviewed throughout the paper will allow for a more thermally efficient design of kilns, which will emit less hazardous greenhouse gases and atmospheric pollutants.

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“…In the review of atmospheric emission metrics in clay brick firing technologies, Akinshipe and Kornelius identify brick industries is one of major sources of greenhouse gas emission in the world [2]. The pollutant gasses may derive during firing process in terms of carbon dioxides, nitrogen oxides, sulphur oxides, inorganic fluorine and chlorine compounds as well as organic compounds [3][4][5]. The negative effects of releasing harmful gasses are not only a threat to the environment but also have an adverse effect on human health.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gas Emission of Palm Oil Waste Bricks During Firing Process at Different Heating Rates

Sarani¹,

Othman²

2018

IJET

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The demand for brick materials is expected to increase rapidly. However, pollutant emission during the firing process becomes a threat to the human and environment. Therefore, this study is focusing on the release of pollutant gasses during firing manufactured bricks. The bricks were incorporated with 5% of palm oil waste (palm kernel shell and empty fruit bunches) and fired at different heating rates: 1°C/min, 3°C/min and 5°C/min. All samples were fired until it reached 1050°C and retained for 2 hours soaking time. The gas emission measured during firing process includes carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen oxide (NO) and sulfur dioxide (SO2). The results of estimated total emission (ETE) of gasses were compared to control bricks and palm oil waste brick. The result obtained has shown that increased heating rates cause decreased in gas emission, especially for CO2 and CO. Therefore, this study determined that pollutant gasses are least minimal at high heating rates (5°C/min). As a conclusion, several pollutant gasses did not comply with the federal Clean Air Act’s National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) set by Environmental Protection Agency.

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Quantification of atmospheric emissions and energy metrics from simulated clamp kiln technology in the clay brick industry

Cited by 21 publications

References 17 publications

A Comparative Study of Stack Emissions from Straight-Line and Zigzag Brick Kilns in Nepal

A Comparative Study of Stack Emissions from Straight-Line and Zigzag Brick Kilns in Nepal

Artisan Brick Kilns: State-of-the-Art and Future Trends

Gas Emission of Palm Oil Waste Bricks During Firing Process at Different Heating Rates

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