Quantification of Age-Related Facial Wrinkles in Men and Women Using a Three-Dimensional Fringe Projection Method and Validated Assessment Scales

Abstract

The results of the present study confirm a progressive increase of crow's feet and forehead and glabellar lines in men and women. Although the development of facial wrinkles happens earlier and is more severe in men, perimenopause seems to particularly affect development in women. Clinical ratings and 3D measurements are suitable methods to assess facial wrinkle severity in men and women.

Mechanical properties of human skin in vivo: a comparative evaluation in 300 men and women

“…Previous studies have shown that the clinical genesis and onset of facial wrinkles as well as the morphology of the extracellular matrix differ between the sexes (6,8,9). These facts raise the question of whether the elastic properties of skin differ between men and women, and how these characteristics are influenced by skin aging.…”

“…There is an approximately 15‐year earlier onset of visible rhytides compared with women. Furthermore, wrinkle severity linearly increases over lifetime in men whereas women's wrinkles sharply increase with perimenopause . Differences between men and women have further been found regarding the morphology of dermal connective tissue.…”

Principal component analysis of three‐dimensional face shape: Identifying shape features that change with age

“…Shape information is based on two scales: the micro scale that affects the texture of the skin, such as sulci cutis, cristae cutis, and wrinkles; and larger shape that can be easily discriminated by observation, such as the relative positions of the face parts (ie, the eyes, nose, and mouth), sagging skin, and the facial outline. Previous cosmetic studies have mainly studied age‐related changes of the micro shape features affecting texture . However, human recognition of others is based on the larger scale shape information and individual differences in these, such as how far a person's face deviates from a typical face composed from the onlooker's experience .…”

Validation of image analysis techniques to measure skin aging features from facial photographs

“…Correlations with photonumeric grading of crow's feet were good, although correlations for the other facial sites were not mentioned . Recently, a 3D fringe projection method was used to measure facial wrinkles . It was utilized to estimate the likelihood of the lifetime development of wrinkles, based on wrinkle differences between age groups .…”