Quality reassessment using water quality indices and hydrochemistry of groundwater from the Basement Complex section of Kaduna Basin, NW Nigeria

Abstract

Water quality indices allow for defining the acceptable limits for water usage. This paper evaluates the suitability of water for industrial and domestic uses. Hydrogeochemical data were derived from previous studies and exposed to an internal consistency test. Groundwater was classified using physicochemical parameters and water quality indices. Multivariate analysis (factor and clustering analyses) was applied to identify the sources of ions and classify groundwater. Similarly, regression analysis was used to model the hydrochemistry of the study area. Results indicated groundwater of varying quality based on hardness, TDS, EC, chloride, and nitrate. Groundwater classification based on the Chadha diagram revealed a Na-HCO 3 water type in the Kudenda-Nassarawa area. Kaduna South and Kakuri and its Environs have a Ca-Mg-Cl water type. Calcium, Mg, Na, and TDS constituted the major elements influencing the hydrochemistry of groundwater based on regression analysis. Factor analysis showed that aquifers are strongly influenced by rock weathering. Also, cluster analysis revealed different types of water sources based on their hydrogeochemical characteristics. The results of multivariate analysis concurred with Gibb's model. However, groundwater is unsuitable for industrial use since it is undersaturated with calcium carbonate. Thus, water treatment is required to avoid serious corrosion.

Assessment of Groundwater Drinking Sources in Eku and Its Environs, in the Niger-Delta Region of Nigeria

“…FA was applied to the physicochemical and biological parameters data by extracting principal components (PCs). Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) is used to classify sampling stations based on the physiochemical data set obtained from the sampling stations 13 . This study used the past analytical software 14 to analyze the data set for the analysis of FA and HCA.…”

Investigation of Wabe River water fitness for agricultural and industrial purposes

“…(7) as follows: Where pH is the solution's measured pH, and pHs is the pH at saturation point calculated using Langelier's method. The stability index value is always positive for all waterways ( Wali et al., 2020 ). Table 3 shows the water classifications based on the Ryznar stability index.…”

“…Certain industries require high-quality water that is free of scale and corrosion. In heavy industries, scale formation is a serious challenge ( Wali et al., 2020 ). In 1936, Langelier created the Langelier Saturation Index (LSI) to analyze the scale growing capacity of various water qualities.…”

Detailed Hydrogeological and Hydrochemical Reassessment of Coastal Basins of Southwestern Nigeria

“…Bacteria decompose these organic constituents using DO, consequently reducing the DO present for aquatic organisms. Chemical oxygen demand does not discriminate between biologically available and inert organic matter, and it is a measure of the total quantity of oxygen required to oxidize all organic material into carbon dioxide and water [116][117][118][119]. The COD values are always greater than BOD values, but COD measurements can be made in a few hours while BOD measurements take five days.…”

“…Chemical essentials including Ca, Mg, Cu, Cd, B, Al, K, PO4, SO4 As, and Cl, for instance, are primarily derived from rocks. Nonetheless, elements like NO3 and SO4 are derived mainly from anthropogenic sources [118,119]. Understanding the derivation and absorption level of these chemical elements in groundwater is needed for effective groundwater management.…”