The need to further ascertain the quality of fishmeal with biological indicators has poised this study to determine the biological characterisation of formulated diets with supplemented insect protein (variegated grasshopper and American cockroach). The diets (A–F) were prepared with local ingredients (A, 100% grasshopper meal; B, 100% fishmeal; C, 1:1 grasshopper:fishmeal; D, 1:1 cockroach:fishmeal; E, 100% cockroach meal; F, commercial diet). Samples of prepared diets ready to be stored for use were subjected to bacteria and fungi test. Diet F recorded the highest (4.60±1.10×102 cfu g–1) total viable bacteria count. The highest (3.00±0.05×102 cfu g–1) fungi count was recorded in diet A. Six probiotics bacteria were isolated from the diets. Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus was only isolated in grasshopper containing diets; as Pediococcus pentosaceus, Bifidobacterium longum, Mycobacterium marinum, Bacillus subtilisand, Lactococcocus lactis were only isolated in diets F, E, D, A and B respectively. Two pathogenic bacteria isolated were Streptoccoci pyogenes and Staphylococcus aureus. Aspergillus flavus and Penicillum sp. are the two species of fungi isolated from diet A, and diets C and E respectively. The diets with insect proteins were rich in probiotic bacteria than other diets may be considered to replace fishmeal in fish diet.
This study assessed the quality of hand-dug drinking water sources in Eku and its environs at Eku I, Samagidi, Eku 2, and Okuechi, using the weighted arithmetic water quality index method. Water samples collected from hand-dug wells at these locations returned values for analyzed parameters. Temperature 26 – 30(⁰C), dissolved Oxygen (D.O) 5.2-8mg/l, biological oxygen demand (BOD) 5.2-8(mg/l), Electrical Conductivity (EC) 77-119(µS/cm), Total suspended solids were (TSS) 20000-120000(mg/l), pH 5.31-7.09, Phosphates 2-9.2(mg/l), Alkalinity 28-160(mg/l), Turbidity, 0.02 -0.19(NTU) Total coliform 2 -48 (cfu/ml) and fungal count 1-502. Variations in the values of these parameters were only significant for phosphate, alkalinity, and turbidity between Samagidi and Okuechi at a level of significance of p≤0.05. D.O, BOD, phosphates, total coliform and TSS levels, exceeded standards recommended by NSDWQ/WHO, rendering these water sources unsuitable for drinking purposes. Cluster analysis revealed three cluster groups; cluster 1(Eku2), cluster 2(Samagidi), and cluster 3(Eku1 and Okuechi), while factor analysis showed a strong correlation with pH, D.O, BOD, phosphate, conductivity, total coliform and fungal counts with water sources in the study stations. The calculated WQI for these water sources is 107.56, 95.18, 103.45, and 110.36 for Eku I, Samagidi, Eku 2, and Okuechi, respectively, classifying them as very poor water quality and unsuitable for drinking purposes. Indiscriminate waste disposal, surface runoff and poor sanitary facilities, and the exposed nature of these wells are major contributors to the deterioration of these wells.
The evaluations of insects’ protein as viable alternative protein source in fish diets are gaining more attention revealing that the protein has more comparative advantage than other protein sources. Therefore, this study was conducted to isolate and identify (using phylotypic and genotypic methods) bacteria isolates in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of African hybrid catfish fed supplemented grasshopper meal. Four feeding diets were adopted in this study; Diet A (conventional feed), Diet B (100% Grasshopper meal), Diet C (50% fishmeal and 50% Grasshopper meal) and Diet D (100% Fish meal). At the end of the 12- week experimental period, the fish were sacrificed for their GIT contents to determine bacteria diversity. In the catfish fed diet A, the bacteria isolates identified were Streptococcus pyogenes, Enterobacter aerogene, Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella flexneri, Escherichia coli, Leuconostoc latis and Klebsella pneumonia. In catfish fed diet B, Bacillus subtilis, Lactococcus bulgaricus, Lysinibacillus macroides, Lysinibacillus capsici, Stenotrophomonas pavanii and Lysinibacillus sp were isolated. Similarly, the fish fed diet C recorded the presence of Bacillus subtilis, Lactococcus bulgaricus, Lysinibacillus sp., Staphylococcus aureus, Lysinibacillus macroides, Stenotrophomonas pavanii and Enterobacter aerogene. The bacteria isolated in the GIT of fish fed diet D were Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Pedicoccus acidilactis, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Leuconostoc latis and Shigella flexneri. Probiotic bacteria were more in fish fed with diets B and C, an indication that the different ratio of supplemented grasshopper meal is good for the fish, as they have the potentials to boost the fish immune system and improve the microbial balance of its gastro-intestinal tract.
Hydrogen ion (pH), dissolved oxygen, ammonia and nitrite concentrations were studied monthly in two systems (re-circulatory and semi-intensive of 3 m2 sizes) each for six months. The systems were each stocked with 200 g of Clarias gariepinus fingerlings. Results showed that all parameters were within acceptable limits in each system and varied significantly (P<0.05) except total ammonia concentration in the outdoor tank (P=0.0769). Comparatively, total ammonia (P = 0.0016) and nitrite (P=0.0000) variations in the two systems were highly significantly different (P <0.05). Positive significant correlation was established between total ammonia and nitrite only in the concrete tank (r = 0.9367; P = 0.0059) only. The relatively high dissolved oxygen values in the systems must be maintained to help eliminate nitrogenous wastes. The water quality results from both systems indicated that the water quality in the concrete tank is of a higher and better quality than in the re-circulatory open system. Key Words: Water re-circulatory and semi-intensive static-water systems, water quality parameters
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