Quality-Assured Measurements of Animal Building Emissions: Particulate Matter Concentrations

Heber, Albert J.; Lim, Teng Teeh; Ni, Ji‐Qin; Pei, Tao; Schmidt, Amy M.; Kozieł, Jacek A.; Hoff, Steven J.; Jacobson, Larry D.; Zhang, Yuanhui; Baughman, Gerald B.

doi:10.1080/10473289.2006.10464569

Cited by 48 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 8 publications

(6 reference statements)

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“…12,13 Each facility monitored, as shown in Figure 1, was designed to house 1000 pigs ranging in weight between ϳ18 and 120 kg. Slurry was stored in a 2.4-m-deep holding concrete basin below a fully slatted concrete floor and was designed to store manure for one calendar year.…”

Section: Facility Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emissions of Ammonia, Hydrogen Sulfide, and Odor before, during, and after Slurry Removal from a Deep-Pit Swine Finisher

Hoff

Bundy

Nelson

et al. 2006

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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It is a common practice in the midwestern United States to raise swine in buildings with under-floor slurry storage systems designed to store manure for up to one year. These so-called "deep-pit" systems are a concentrated source for the emissions of ammonia (NH 3 ), hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S), and odors. As part of a larger six-state research effort (U.S. Department of Agriculture-Initiative for Future Agriculture and Food Systems Project, "Aerial Pollutant Emissions from Confined Animal Buildings"), realtime NH 3 and H 2 S with incremental odor emission data were collected for two annual slurry removal events. For this study, two 1000-head deep-pit swine finishing facilities in central Iowa were monitored with one-year storage of slurry maintained in a 2.4 m-deep concrete pit (or holding tank) below the animal-occupied zone. Results show that the H 2 S emission, measured during four independent slurry removal events over two years, increased by an average of 61.9 times relative to the before-removal H 2 S emission levels. This increase persisted during the agitation process of the slurry that on average occurred over an 8-hr time period. At the conclusion of slurry agitation, the H 2 S emission decreased by an average of 10.4 times the before-removal emission level. NH 3 emission during agitation increased by an average of 4.6 times the before-removal emission level and increased by an average of 1.5 times the before-removal emission level after slurry removal was completed. Odor emission increased by a factor of 3.4 times the before-removal odor emission level and decreased after the slurry-removal event by a factor of 5.6 times the before-removal emission level. The results indicate that maintaining an adequate barn ventilation rate regardless of animal comfort demand is essential to keeping gas levels inside the barn below hazardous levels.

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Section: Facility Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emissions of Ammonia, Hydrogen Sulfide, and Odor before, during, and after Slurry Removal from a Deep-Pit Swine Finisher

Hoff

Bundy

Nelson

et al. 2006

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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“…The large number of animals raised in concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) can affect air quality by emissions of odor, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), NH 3 , H 2 S, greenhouse gases (GHGs), and particulate matter (PM) (National Research Council [NRC], 2003;Heber et al, 2006aHeber et al, , 2006bJacobson et al, 2008;Hoff et al, 2009). Air pollution and odor nuisance are a major challenge for livestock production (NRC, 2003;Kim et al, 2007;Parker et al, 2012;Cai et al, 2015;Zhang et al, 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Testing odorants recovery from a novel metallized fluorinated ethylene propylene gas sampling bag

Wen-da

Kozieł

Cai

et al. 2015

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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Industry-standard Tedlar bags for odor sample collection from confined animal feeding operations (CAFOs) have been challenged by the evidence of volatile organic compound (VOC) losses and background interferences. Novel impermeable aluminum foil with a thin layer of fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) film on the surface that is in contact with a gas sample was developed to address this challenge. In this research, Tedlar and metallized FEP bags were compared for (a) recoveries of four characteristic CAFO odorous VOCs (ethyl mercaptan, butyric acid, isovaleric acid and p-cresol) after 30 min and 24 hr sample storage time and for (b) chemical background interferences. All air sampling and analyses were performed with solid-phase microextraction (SPME) followed by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). Mean target gas sample recoveries from metallized FEP bags were 25.9% and 28.0% higher than those in Tedlar bags, for 30 min and 24 hr, respectively. Metallized FEP bags demonstrated the highest p-cresol recoveries after 30-min and 24-hr storage, 96.1 ± 44.5% and 44.8 ± 10.2%, respectively, among different types of sampling bags reported in previous studies. However, a higher variability was observed for p-cresol recovery with metallized FEP bags. A 0% recovery of ethyl mercaptan was observed with Tedlar bags after 24-hr storage, whereas an 85.7 ± 7.4% recovery was achieved with metallized FEP bags. Recoveries of butyric and isovaleric acids were similar for both bag types. Two major impurities in Tedlar bags' background were identified as N,N-dimethylacetamide and phenol, while backgrounds of metallized FEP bags were significantly cleaner. Reusability of metallized FEP bags was tested. Implications: Caution is advised when using polymeric materials for storage of livestock-relevant odorous volatile organic compounds. The odorants loss with storage time confirmed that long-term storage in whole-air form is ill advised. A focused short-term odor sample containment should be biased toward the most inert material available relative to the highest impact target odorant. Metallized FEP was identified as such a material to p-cresol as the highest impact odorant from confined animal feeding operations. Metallized FEP bags have much cleaner background than commercial Tedlar bags do. Significantly higher recoveries of methyl mercaptan and p-cresol were also observed with metallized FEP bags. IntroductionIn recent decades, intensive large-scale livestock production has grown rapidly in the United States and other parts of the world. The large number of animals raised in concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) can affect air quality by emissions of odor, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), NH 3 , H 2 S, greenhouse gases (GHGs), and particulate matter (PM) (National Research Council [NRC], 2003;Heber et al., 2006aHeber et al., , 2006bJacobson et al., 2008;Hoff et al., 2009). Air pollution and odor nuisance are a major challenge for livestock production (NRC, 2003;Kim et al., 2007;Parker et al., 2012;Cai et al., 20...

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“…Many studies have focused on monitoring gaseous emissions from CAFOs. However, most of them focused on ammonia (NH3), hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S), and PM measurements (Ni et al, 2002;Arogo et al, 2003;Heber et al, 2006). The focus on comprehensive measurements of VOC emissions is relatively new.…”

Section: ) the Emissions Of Specific Vocs Varied Between Seasons Simentioning

confidence: 99%

Odor and Odorous Chemical Emissions from Animal Buildings: Part 3. Chemical Emissions

et al. 2015

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The objective of this study was to measure the long-term odor emissions and corresponding concentrations and emissions of 20 odorous volatile organic compounds (VOCs). This study was an add-on study to the National Air Emission Monitoring Study (NAEMS). Odor and odorous gas measurements at four NAEMS sites, including dairy barns in Wisconsin (WI5B) and Indiana (IN5B), a swine finisher barn in Indiana (IN3B), and swine gestation and farrowing barns in Iowa (IA4B), were conducted from November 2007 to May 2009. The odorous gas samples were collected every two weeks using sorbent tubes (samples were collected twice each season of the year, with the exception of spring 2009 when samples were collected three times) and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-olfactometry (GC-MS-O). In this article, we summarize the measured gas concentrations and emissions of the 20 target VOCs from each of the four sites. The average total odorous VOC concentrations for the entire sampling period were 276, 96.9, 1413 and 394 Î¼g dsm -3 for WI5B, IN5B, IN3B, and IA4B, respectively. For the swine sites, the highest seasonal average total odorous VOC concentrations for each barn were observed during spring (1890 Î¼g dsm -3 for IN3B and 458 Î¼g dsm -3 for IA4B). For the dairy sites, the highest seasonal average total odorous VOC concentrations were observed in winter at WI5B (446 Î¼g dsm -3 ) and in summer at IN5B (129 Î¼g dsm -3 ). The average total emission rates for the 20 odorous VOCs were 290 mg h -1 AU -1 (WI5B), 36.0 mg h -1 AU -1 (IN5B), 743 mg h -1 AU -1 (IN3B), 33.9 mg h -1 AU -1 (IA4B swine gestation barns), and 91.7 mg h -1 AU -1 (IA4B swine farrowing room). The average seasonal total odorous VOC emission rates were highest during summer at WI5B (805 mg h -1 AU -1 ), IN5B (121 mg h -1 AU -1 ), and IN3B (1250 mg h -1 AU -1 ) and during spring at IA4B (95.8 mg h -1 AU -1 ). The emissions of specific VOCs varied between seasons, sites, and species. To date, this is the most comprehensive VOC measurement survey of odorous compound emission rates from commercial livestock buildings. KeywordsAnimal feeding operations, Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, Volatile organic compounds

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Quality-Assured Measurements of Animal Building Emissions: Particulate Matter Concentrations

Cited by 48 publications

References 8 publications

Emissions of Ammonia, Hydrogen Sulfide, and Odor before, during, and after Slurry Removal from a Deep-Pit Swine Finisher

Emissions of Ammonia, Hydrogen Sulfide, and Odor before, during, and after Slurry Removal from a Deep-Pit Swine Finisher

Testing odorants recovery from a novel metallized fluorinated ethylene propylene gas sampling bag

Odor and Odorous Chemical Emissions from Animal Buildings: Part 3. Chemical Emissions

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