Qualitative and Quantitative Characterization of Waste Water for Small Communities

Pujol, Ramón Oliver; Liénard, A.

doi:10.2166/wst.1990.0209

Cited by 11 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…With this background, Chilean municipal wastewater generation potential would attain 3.2 million m 3 /d with unit production of 0.205 m 3 /inhab-day [60]. This value is within the range reported by the literature (50-400 L/inhab-day; urban population >150 L/inhab-day) [61][62][63][64]. Table 3 summarizes the Chilean population and its municipal wastewater generation.…”

Section: Municipal Wastewater Management and Its Agricultural Irrigatmentioning

confidence: 65%

Reuse and Recycling of Livestock and Municipal Wastewater in Chilean Agriculture: A Preliminary Assessment

Villamar-Ayala

Vera-Puerto

Rivera

et al. 2018

Water

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Chile is an agricultural power, but also one of the most vulnerable countries to climate change and water shortage. About 50% of the irrigated agriculture land in Chile is in the central zone, thanks to its agricultural-climatic characteristics that provide an adequate water supply (100-4000 m 3 /s). However, the vulnerability scenario in this zone is high due to the seasonal availability of water resources. Therefore, opportunities to use non-conventional alternative sources (e.g., wastewater) become an appealing and feasible option due to the high population and animal density (>76%) in this part of the country. Moreover, the physicochemical characteristics of the municipal and livestock wastewater suggest that there are potential opportunities to recycle nutrients for agricultural production. In Chile, wastewater reuse opportunities are noted by the wide coverage of wastewater treatment programs, with municipal and intensified livestock production taking up most of the percentage (>99%). Nevertheless, more than 70% of wastewater treatment systems reach biological secondary treatment, which suggests reuse possibilities only for non-food crops. Therefore, this paper is focused on a preliminary analysis of the potential of reusing and recycling municipal and livestock wastewater for Chilean agriculture. There is some reuse work occurring in Chile, specifically in the use of municipal and livestock wastewater for cereal crops (animal feed), forests, and grasslands. However, aspects related to the long-term effects of these practices have not yet been evaluated. Therefore, municipal and livestock wastewater in Chile could be re-valued in agriculture, but the current quality and condition of treated wastewater do not ensure its safe use in food crops. In addition, state policies are needed to provide sustainability (circular and ethic economy) to water reusing/recycling in agriculture.

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Section: Municipal Wastewater Management and Its Agricultural Irrigatmentioning

confidence: 65%

Reuse and Recycling of Livestock and Municipal Wastewater in Chilean Agriculture: A Preliminary Assessment

Villamar-Ayala

Vera-Puerto

Rivera

et al. 2018

Water

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“…-1 d -1 recommended by British Water [3] and the UWWTD, but more than the 35-40 g p.e. -1 d -1 found in rural France [4]). The ammonia load is 8 g N p.e.…”

Section: Land Area Requirementsmentioning

confidence: 91%

Constructed Wetlands and Waste Stabilization Ponds for Small Rural Communities in the United Kingdom: A Comparison of Land Area Requirements, Performance and Costs

Mara¹

2006

Environmental Technology

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Land area requirements for secondary subsurface horizontal-flow constructed wetlands (CW) and primary and secondary facultative ponds with either unaerated or aerated rock filters were determined for three levels of effluent quality: that specified in the Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive (UWWTD) (< or = 25 mg filtered BOD l(-1) and < or = 150 mg SS l(-1) for waste stabilization ponds (WSP) effluents, and < or = 25 mg unfiltered BOD l(-1) for CW effluents (mean values); and two common requirements of the Environment Agency: < or = 40 mg BOD l(-1) and < or = 60 mg SS l(-1), and < or = 10 mg BOD l(-1), < or = 15 mg SS l(-1) and < or = 5 mg ammonia-N l(-1) (95-percentile values). A secondary CW requires 60 percent more land than a secondary facultative pond to produce an UWWTD-quality effluent, 38 percent more land than a secondary facultative pond and an unaerated rock filter to produce a 40/60 effluent and, were it to be used to produce a 10/15/5 effluent, it would require approximately 480 percent more land than a secondary facultative pond and an aerated rock filter. Its estimated 2005 cost is pound 1100-2600 p.e.(-1), whereas that of a primary facultative pond and rock filter is approximately pound 400 p.e.(-1). On the basis of land area requirements, performance and cost, facultative ponds and unaerated or aerated rock filters are to be preferred to secondary subsurface horizontal-flow constructed wetlands.

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“…A facultative pond loaded at 80 kg BOD per ha per day (i.e., 8 g/m 2 d) would be appropriate (Abis and Mara, 2003). Assuming a BOD contribution of 40 g per person per day in rural areas (Pujol and Liénard, 1990), the pond mid-depth area would be 5 m 2 per person. Such a pond produces an effluent complying with the UWWTD (Abis and Mara, 2003).…”

Section: Temperate Climatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Waste stabilization ponds and rock filters: solutions for small communities

Mara

Johnson

2007

Water Science and Technology

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In temperate climates facultative ponds and rock filters (either unaerated or, if ammonia removal is required, aerated) are a low-cost but high-performance treatment system for small rural communities. Effluent quality is suitable for surface water discharge or, in summer, for restricted crop irrigation. In tropical climates anaerobic and facultative ponds and either unaerated rock filters or, if ammonia reduction is required, subsurface horizontal-flow or vertical-flow constructed wetland, can be used if the effluents are discharged to surface waters. However, if the treated wastewater is to be used for crop irrigation, then a 3-log unit pathogen reduction by treatment in anaerobic, facultative and single maturation ponds is required for both restricted and unrestricted irrigation, provided that, in the case of unrestricted irrigation, there are in place post-treatment health-protection control measures that together provide a further 4-log unit pathogen reduction.

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Qualitative and Quantitative Characterization of Waste Water for Small Communities

Cited by 11 publications

References 0 publications

Reuse and Recycling of Livestock and Municipal Wastewater in Chilean Agriculture: A Preliminary Assessment

Reuse and Recycling of Livestock and Municipal Wastewater in Chilean Agriculture: A Preliminary Assessment

Constructed Wetlands and Waste Stabilization Ponds for Small Rural Communities in the United Kingdom: A Comparison of Land Area Requirements, Performance and Costs

Waste stabilization ponds and rock filters: solutions for small communities

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