Qualitative and quantitative analysis of mixtures of surface‐active agents with special reference to synthetic detergents

Abstract

SummaryAn identification scheme for surface‐active agents is given which enables these agents or their mixtures to be detected in commercial products. Use is made of the acid resistance of the various types, which make it possible to separate the different compounds step by step from the mixture.An important feature of the method is that it can be used also for quantitative analyses by weighing the extraction residues obtained and determining their physical and chemical constants.

Effects of cationic fixing agents on the direct dyeing properties of cotton fabrics

“…The products were initially identified by performing specific chemical tests for epoxy groups [17], tertiary amines [18] and quaternary ammonium salts [19]. All the products gave a negative test result for tertiary amines and a positive test result for epoxy groups and quaternary ammonium salts.…”

“…N , N , N′ , N′ ‐tetraethylmethylenediamine was synthesised in the laboratory by the reported method [16]. Progress of the reactions was monitored by performing specific chemical tests [17–19] and thin‐layer chromatography (TLC) of the reaction mixture. The products were purified through various methods and vacuum‐dried before performing spectroscopic analysis.…”

Synthesis and Spectroscopic Characterisation of 2,3‐Epoxy/ 3‐Chloro‐2‐hydroxy Propyl Derivatives of Quaternary Ammonium Salts:Useful Cationic Fixing Agents

“…The reactions were monitored by performing specific chemical tests for the epoxy group, 33 tertiary amines 34 and quaternary ammonium salts. 35 2,3-Epoxypropyl compounds (Ia-Id and IIIa-IIIb) gave negative test for tertiary amines and positive test for quaternary ammonium salts whereas 3-chloro-2hydroxypropyl compounds (IIa-IId and IVa-IVb) showed positive test for quaternary ammonium salts and negative test for tertiary amines and epoxy group. The IR and 1 H NMR data, which have been given in experimental section, also confirmed the identity of the compounds.…”

Recent advances in the analysis of soaps and synthetic detergents

“…The hydroprobic group can also be identified by reacting the nonionic surfaetant with hydrobromic (57) or hydrochloric (19) acid. The acid will cleave the polyglycol chain to the dihalo ethane (or dihalo propane as the case may be) and yield the corresponding alkyl halide from an aleol~ol hydhophobe, aryl halide from a phenolic hydrophobe, earboxylic acid from the carboxylie and amide hydrophobes.…”

“…Separation Techniques a) Extractioq~. In some instances the nonionie in a solid formulation can be extracted by using a suitable organic solvent (19). The nonionie is determined by either weighing the solid before and after extraction or by taking an aliquot of the solution after extraction, evaporating the solvent, and weighing the residue.…”