“…In addition, two genetic loci for coleoptile elongation under anaerobic conditions have been detected by GWAS (Hsu & Tung, 2015;Nghi et al, 2019) and QTL analyses (Jiang et al, 2006;Manangkil et al, 2013). Among these QTLs for seedling establishment, three have been detected on chromosome 3 in populations derived from cross combinations between IR 64 and Khao Hlan On (Angaji et al, 2010), IR 64 and Kharsu 80A (Baltazar et al, 2019), and IR 64 and Nanhi (Baltazar et al, 2014), which were mapped to regions at approximately 30.9, 5.5, and 21.1 Mb, respectively, on chromosome 3. Moreover, using GWAS, a further QTL has been detected on chromosome 3 in a Japonica-type population, which is located at approximately 27.4 Mb (Nghi et al, 2019).…”