Qaidam Basin paleosols reflect climate and weathering intensity on the northeastern Tibetan Plateau during the Early Eocene Climatic Optimum

Song, Biao; Zhang, Kexin; Zhang, Li; Ji, Junliang; Hong, Hanlie; Wei, Yi; Yong, Xu; Algeo, Thomas J.; Wang, Chaowen

doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2018.03.027

Cited by 41 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 120 publications

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“…We acknowledge that the Lulehe Formation age is debated, but based on early Cenozoic cooling ages observed from across the Qilian Shan, we prefer an Eocene age for the Lulehe Formation. Paleosols sampled from the Lulehe Formation yield δ 18 O values that suggest cooling and >1 km uplift of the northern Qaidam Basin since Lulehe deposition (Song et al, 2018). However, these isotopic data should be interpreted with some caution because the Lulehe samples were probably buried deep enough to be significantly heated, and thus potential alteration is a concern (e.g., Jesmok et al, 2018;Song et al, 2018).…”

Section: Integrated Shortening Across the Qilian Shanmentioning

confidence: 99%

Underthrusting and duplexing beneath the northern Tibetan Plateau and the evolution of the Himalayan-Tibetan orogen

Zuza

Wang

et al. 2018

Lithosphere

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The Cenozoic Qilian Shan thrust belt is the northern margin of the Tibetan Plateau, which developed in part due to progressive India-Asia convergence during Himalayan-Tibetan orogeny. Available geologic observations suggest that this thrust belt started deforming shortly after initial India-Asia collision at 60-55 Ma, and thus its kinematic development is intrinsically related to the construction and evolution of the Tibetan Plateau. Here, we present new field observations from a geologic traverse across the Qilian Shan to elucidate the style of deformation across the active thrust belt. In particular, we infer protracted out-of-sequence deformation here that is consistent with this thrust system remaining a stationary northern boundary to the Tibetan Plateau since the early Cenozoic. We present a lithosphere-scale model for this region that highlights the following: (1) coupled distributed crustal shortening and underthrusting of the North China craton beneath Tibet, which explains the spatial and temporal distribution of observed crustal shortening and thickness, (2) this underthrusting exploited the south-dipping early Paleozoic Qilian suture paleo-subduction mélange channel, and (3) development of a lower-crustal duplex at the lithospheric underthrusting ramp. This last inference can explain the relatively high elevation, low relief, and thickened crust of the central Qilian Shan, as well as the comparative aseismicity of the region, which experiences fewer earthquakes due to less upper-crustal faulting. Both the northern and southern margins of the Himalayan-Tibetan orogen appear to have developed similarly, with continental underthrusting and crustal-scale imbrication and duplexing, despite vastly different climatic and plate-velocity boundary conditions, which suggests that the orogen-scale architecture of the thrust belt is controlled by neither of these forcing mechanisms. Instead, strength anisotropies of the crust probably control the kinematics and style of deformation, including the development of northern Tibet, where thrust systems are concentrated along pre-Cenozoic suture zones.

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Section: Integrated Shortening Across the Qilian Shanmentioning

confidence: 99%

Underthrusting and duplexing beneath the northern Tibetan Plateau and the evolution of the Himalayan-Tibetan orogen

Zuza

Wang

et al. 2018

Lithosphere

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“…The hydrocarbon-forming parent material is special, deposited in a high-salinity environment, and the gray-matter content is high. The abundance of organic matter is not too high overall, but the efficiency of hydrocarbon generation and discharge is high (Fu et al 2016;Song et al 2018;Zhang et al 2018;Du et al 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The characteristics and hydrocarbon-generation model of Paleogene–Neogene System saline lacustrine facies source rocks in the Western Qaidam Basin, China

Chen

Zhang

2019

J Petrol Explor Prod Technol

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To further understand the characteristics and hydrocarbon-generation model of Paleogene-Neogene System salt-lake facies source rocks in the Western Qaidam Basin, selecting argillaceous source rock samples from the Lower Ganchaigou Formation, the Upper Ganchaigou Formation, and the Upper Youshashan Formation in the Western Qaidam Basin, relevant experimental studies have been carried out, including pyrolysis of rocks, analysis of soluble components, and simulation of hydrocarbon generation and expulsion. According to the analysis of the experimental results, the selected sample thermal evolution degree stays in the low-mature-immature stage and shows good hydrocarbon-generation ability. There was a positive correlation between chloroform bitumen "A," moderate salt content and carbonate content, and cumulative liquid hydrocarbon production. The hydrocarbon-generation peaks of the Paleogene-Neogene salt-lake facies source rocks in the Western Qaidam Basin are significantly advanced compared to the traditional model. The result clearly defines the hydrocarbon-generation model of Paleogene-Neogene salt-lake facies source rocks in the study area, which is important to direct the oil and gas exploration in the Western Qaidam Basin.

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“…4). Authigenic/pedogenic smectite typically has a honeycomb structure that coats the clasts, while authigenic kaolinite typically has a booklet structure (Huyghe et al, 2011; Song et al, 2018). These characteristics were not observed in the sediments.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Clay minerals are widely distributed—occurring in marine, eolian, lacustrine, and atmospheric environments, as well as in paleosols and sedimentary basins—which makes them useful for regional paleoenvironmental reconstruction. Their fine particle size and crystalline structure make them sensitive to weathering and diagenetic (especially pedogenic) transformations, and thus they are excellent archives of paleoenvironmental information (Moore and Roynolds, 1989; Huyghe et al, 2011; Zeng et al, 2014; Song et al, 2018). Clay minerals are either primary/detrital minerals inherited from parent rocks by physical erosion and chemical weathering or secondary/authigenic minerals produced by pedogenesis and diagenesis (Huyghe et al, 2011; Varga et al, 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Clay minerals are either primary/detrital minerals inherited from parent rocks by physical erosion and chemical weathering or secondary/authigenic minerals produced by pedogenesis and diagenesis (Huyghe et al, 2011; Varga et al, 2011). Detrital clay minerals can only be used for reconstructing climatic conditions within the source area, while authigenic clay minerals provide records of the climate of the area of deposition (Chamley, 1989; Fagel et al, 2003; Hong et al, 2007; Huyghe et al, 2011; Zeng et al, 2014; Song et al, 2018). Thus, the clay mineral assemblages of sedimentary sequences can potentially yield records of past climatic conditions, provided the origin of the clay mineral assemblages (whether detrital or diagenetic) can be evaluated.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Paleoclimatic record from the clay mineralogy of Quaternary sediments of drill core DWJ from Jiudong subbasin (western Hexi Corridor), NW China

Chen

Pan

et al. 2019

Quat. res.

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The thick sedimentary deposits of the Jiudong subbasin in the western Hexi Corridor of NW China can potentially provide important records of climate change in arid and semiarid areas subject to the interaction of the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) and the westerlies. Here we present the results of a study of the clay mineralogy of the sediments of drill core DWJ from the Jiudong subbasin. The clay minerals consist mainly of illite, followed by chlorite, kaolinite, and smectite. The clay mineral assemblages are used to define four paleoclimatic stages since ~1.8 Ma: (1) During ~1.8–1.2 Ma, the climate was relatively cold and arid; (2) during ~1.2–0.9 Ma, it was relatively warm and wet, with strongly seasonal precipitation; (3) during ~0.9–0.3 Ma, there was a long-term trend of cooling and drying; and (4) during ~0.3–0.1 Ma, the climate was warmer and wetter than during the previous period, with strongly seasonal precipitation. The paleoclimatic record of the Jiudong subbasin since ~1.8 Ma is consistent with records from the Tengger Desert and typical monsoonal areas. This suggests that the EASM penetrated into the central regions of the North Qilian Shan and Zhangye–Jiudong subbasin during ~1.2–0.9 and ~0.3–0.1 Ma.

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Qaidam Basin paleosols reflect climate and weathering intensity on the northeastern Tibetan Plateau during the Early Eocene Climatic Optimum

Cited by 41 publications

References 120 publications

Underthrusting and duplexing beneath the northern Tibetan Plateau and the evolution of the Himalayan-Tibetan orogen

Underthrusting and duplexing beneath the northern Tibetan Plateau and the evolution of the Himalayan-Tibetan orogen

The characteristics and hydrocarbon-generation model of Paleogene–Neogene System saline lacustrine facies source rocks in the Western Qaidam Basin, China

Paleoclimatic record from the clay mineralogy of Quaternary sediments of drill core DWJ from Jiudong subbasin (western Hexi Corridor), NW China

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