Pyrrolizidine alkaloid poisoning of horses grazing a native heliotrope (<i>Heliotropium ovalifolium</i>)

Creeper, J.; Mitchell, A A; Jubb, T. F.; Colegate, S. M.

doi:10.1111/j.1751-0813.1999.tb10318.x

Cited by 23 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Os sinais clínicos e os aspectos patológicos apresentados pelos animais intoxicados naturalmente e experimentalmente são consistentes com as descrições publicadas nas intoxicações de eqüinos por Crotalaria spp (Gibbons et al 1953, Rose et al 1957a,b, Gardiner et al 1965, Arzt & Mount, 1999, Nobre et al 1994, Denham 2002) e outras plantas contendo alcalóides pirrolizidinicos (Tennant et al 1972, Seaman 1978, Knight et al 1984, Gava & Barros 1997, Creeper et al 1999, Gorder 2000, Radostits et al 2000 e com as toxicoses crôni-cas por pirrolizidinas em outras espécies animais (Peckham et al 1974, McGrath & Duncan, 1975, Norton & O'Rourke 1979, Barri & Adam 1981, Barri & Adam 1984, Barri et al 1988, Winter et al 1990, Alfonso et al 1993.…”

Section: Discus Discus Discus Discus Discussão E Conclusões São E Conunclassified

Intoxicação por Crotalaria retusa (Fabaceae) em Eqüídeos no semi-árido da Paraíba

et al. 2004

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were observed in horses on 8 farms in the semiarid region of Paraíba and Ceará. C. retusa was found in all farms. The main clinical signs were characteristic of hepatic encephalopathy, with dullness or hyperexcitability, head pressing, compulsive walking or circling and, occasionally, violent uncontrollable galloping. Decreased cranial nerve reflexes, ataxia and weakness were also observed. Other clinical signs were anorexia, weight loss, photosensitization and jaundice. The clinical manifestation period varied from 4 to 40 days, but most horses had a previous history of weight loss. At necropsy the livers were hard, with irregular surface and white areas mixed with dark red areas and increased lobular pattern. Mild jaundice, ascitis, hydropericardium and hydrothorax were also observed. Edema and moderate congestion were seen in the lungs. Histologic changes of the liver were characterized by fibrosis, mainly periportal, megalocitosis and bile duct cell proliferation. Multifocal areas of centrilobular or midzonal hemorrhages were also observed. Centrilobular hemorrhagic necrosis was present in two horses. Alzheimer type II astrocytes were observed, isolated or in groups, mainly in the caudate nucleus and cortex in 4 horses. The poisoning was experimentally produced in 1 adult horse and 3 adult donkeys. The horse received daily 100 g of C. retusa seeds and died 52 days after the beginning of the experiment. The dried whole C. retusa was mixed with grass and given to the 3 experimental donkeys at daily doses of 10g/kg, 5g/kg and 2.5g/kg, respectively. The donkey treated with 5g per kg died 48 days after beginning of the experiment and the other two were sacrificed at 120 days. Clinical signs and pathology were similar to those observed in spontaneous cases, but Alhzeimer type II astrocytes were observed only in the donkey that died 48 days after the beginning of ingestion of the plant material. The concentration of monocrotaline in the whole plant given to the donkeys was 0.5%.INDEX TERMS: Poisonous plants, plant poisoning, Crotalaria retusa, Fabaceae, hepatic cirrhosis, horse, pirrolizidine alkaloids.

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Section: Discus Discus Discus Discus Discussão E Conclusões São E Conunclassified

Intoxicação por Crotalaria retusa (Fabaceae) em Eqüídeos no semi-árido da Paraíba

et al. 2004

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“…Livestock were poisoned by grazing on pyrrolizidine alkaloids plants such as Senecio, Crotalaria, and Heliotropium. The disease, called pyrrolizidine alkaloidosis, affects most species of domestic livestock, and causes tremendous livestock loss worldwide (8,(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24). It is known that a variety of animal species are susceptible to pyrrolizidine alkaloid toxicity (20,(25)(26)(27)(28)(29).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Pyrrolizidine alkaloids and pyrrolizidine alkaloid N-oxides are heterocyclic compounds that are common constituents of hundreds of plant species around the world (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12). The quantities of pyrrolizidine alkaloids and pyrrolizidine alkaloid N-oxides present in plants vary.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

GENOTOXIC PYRROLIZIDINE ALKALOIDS AND PYRROLIZIDINE ALKALOIDN-OXIDES—MECHANISMS LEADING TO DNA ADDUCT FORMATION AND TUMORIGENICITY

Chou

Xia

et al. 2001

Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part C

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Plants that contain pyrrolizidine alkaloids and pyrrolizidine alkaloid N-oxides are widely distributed in the world. These plants are probably the most common poisonous plants affecting livestock, wildlife, and humans. Although pyrrolizidine alkaloids have been shown to be genotoxic, including tumorigenic in experimental animals, the mechanisms of tumor formation have not been fully understood. Our recent studies on riddelliine, riddelline N-oxide, and dehydroretronecine (DHR) provided evidence suggesting that pyrrolizidine alkaloids and pyrrolizidine alkaloid N-oxides induce tumors via a genotoxic mechanism, and that tumorigenicity is mediated by a set of eight DHR-derived DNA adducts. This mechanism may be general to other carcinogenic pyrrolizidine alkaloids and may also be responsible for the other genotoxicities of pyrrolizidine alkaloids, including mutagenicity and teratogenicity. It is hypothesized that these DHR-derived DNA adducts are potential biomarkers of pyrrolizidine alkaloid tumorigenicity. 353

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“…Numerous outbreaks of PA-intoxication of horses have been reported (Pearson, 1991;Creeper et al, 1999;EFSA, 2007;Crews and Anderson, 2009). The last, published after the EFSA 2007 opinion, investigated the cause of diarrhea seen in four out of 13 horses on a farm in England, all horses having access to the same batch of hay.…”

Section: Companion Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on Pyrrolizidine alkaloids in food and feed

2011

EFS2

224

130

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The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) was asked by the European Commission to deliver a scientific opinion on pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PA) in food and feed. PAs are toxins exclusively biosynthesised by plants. To date, approximately 600 different PAs are known. Results for 13,280 bulk honey and 1324 retail honey samples were provided to EFSA by one Member State and 351 feed samples were provided by a second Member State. The EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM Panel) performed estimates of both acute and chronic exposure to PAs through honey for three different age groups. Although there might be other sources of PA exposure, due to lack of data the CONTAM Panel was not able to quantify dietary exposure from food other than honey. A number of PAs were identified as being of particular importance for food and feed. Based on the present knowledge of metabolism, activation, DNA adduct-formation, genotoxicity and carcinogenicity, the CONTAM Panel concluded that 1,2-unsaturated PAs may act as genotoxic carcinogens in humans. Therefore, the CONTAM Panel decided to apply the Margin of Exposure (MOE) approach. A benchmark dose lower confidence limit for a 10 % excess cancer risk (BMDL 10 ) of 70 µg/kg b.w. per day for induction of liver haemangiosarcomas by lasiocarpine in male rats was calculated as the reference point for comparison with the estimated dietary exposure. The CONTAM Panel concluded that there is a possible health concern for those toddlers and children who are high consumers of honey. There is generally a low risk of PA poisoning in livestock and companion animals in the EU as most PA poisonings reported recently are due to accidental exposure. © European Pyrrolizidine alkaloids in food and feedEFSA Journal 2011;9(11):2406 2 SUMMARYFollowing a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM Panel) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the risks to human and animal health related to the presence of pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PA) in food and feed. PAs are toxins exclusively biosynthesised by plants. They are typical plant secondary metabolites against herbivores. It has been estimated that approximately 6000 plant species world wide, representing 3 % of all flowering plants, may contain pyrrolizidine alkaloids. PAs are mainly found in the distantly related angiosperm families of the Boraginaceae (all genera), Asteraceae (tribes Senecioneae and Eupatorieae) and Fabaceae (genus Crotalaria). The PA-content of plant material depends on a large number of factors (species, plant organ, harvest, storage, extraction procedures). Reported contents vary from trace amounts up to 19 % based on dry weight. The name pyrrolizidine is the chemical description of two-fused 5-membered rings with a nitrogen atom at the bridgehead. This motif is the central structure of a variety of PAs. PAs generally consist of an amino alcohol which is referred to as necine or necine base and an acid part which is called a necic acid. Most of the known PAs are este...

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Pyrrolizidine alkaloid poisoning of horses grazing a native heliotrope (Heliotropium ovalifolium)

Cited by 23 publications

References 2 publications

Intoxicação por Crotalaria retusa (Fabaceae) em Eqüídeos no semi-árido da Paraíba

Intoxicação por Crotalaria retusa (Fabaceae) em Eqüídeos no semi-árido da Paraíba

GENOTOXIC PYRROLIZIDINE ALKALOIDS AND PYRROLIZIDINE ALKALOIDN-OXIDES—MECHANISMS LEADING TO DNA ADDUCT FORMATION AND TUMORIGENICITY

Scientific Opinion on Pyrrolizidine alkaloids in food and feed

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