Pyrolysis of fire retardant anhydride-cured epoxy resins

Luda, M. P.; Balabanovich, A.I.; Zanetti, Marco

doi:10.1016/j.jaap.2010.02.008

Cited by 62 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 16 publications

(28 reference statements)

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…3 Several experimental studies have been carried out to address the decomposition of either pure TBBA or TBBA immersed in polymeric matrices, under pyrolytic or oxidative conditions; typically in the range of 300 o C to 600 o C . [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11] Major products from the pyrolysis of TBBA include HBr, brominated phenols and benzenes, in addition to char and a wide range of brominated aromatics. Almost half of the initial bromine in the parent TBBA was found to transform into HBr.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recent experimental studies on the pyrolysis of polymers containing TBBA have reported the formation of several congeners of PBDD/Fs. 8,[12][13][14] Suggested mechanisms for decomposition of TBBA involve loss of HBr, successive C-Br bond fission, cleavage of the isopropylidene linkage, cross-linking condensation reaction and bimolecular reactions involving radicals and TBBA. 9 Several kinetic models were constructed to account for the overall decay of TBBA and the formation of the experimentally observed products.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Mechanism of Thermal Decomposition of Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBA)

Altarawneh

Dlugogorski

2014

J. Phys. Chem. A

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This study presents a detailed investigation into the gas phase thermal decomposition of tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBA); i.e., the most widely used brominated flame retardant (BFR). Elimination of one of the methyl groups characterises the sole dominant channel in the self-decomposition of the TBBA molecule at all temperatures. A high-pressure rate constant for this reaction is fitted to IntroductionOwing to their significant potentials to reduce flammability tendency of polymeric materials, brominated flame retardants (BFRs) have been widely deployed during the last few decades in numerous consumers products. 1 Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBA) currently constitutes nearly 60 % of the world's total production and usage of BFRs. TBBA is also deployed as a reactant for the formation of other commercial BFRs. Bromine radicals formed during the degradation of TBBA delay ignition of overheated electronic and electrical devices. 2 As thermal treatment represents a mainstream strategy for disposal of materials laden with TBBA, the pyrolytic decomposition of TBBA has attracted mounting scientific attention. 3Several experimental studies have been carried out to address the decomposition of either pure TBBA or TBBA immersed in polymeric matrices, under pyrolytic or oxidative conditions; typically in the range of 300 o C to 600 o C . [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11] Major products from the pyrolysis of TBBA include HBr, brominated phenols and benzenes, in addition to char and a wide range of brominated aromatics. Almost half of the initial bromine in the parent TBBA was found to transform into HBr. 9 The main environmental burden of using TBBA stems from the fact that, its decomposition products, such as brominated phenols, serve as building blocks for the formation of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polybrominated dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs). Recent experimental studies on the pyrolysis of polymers containing TBBA have reported the formation of several congeners of PBDD/Fs. While the decomposition of TBBA mainly occurs in the condensed phase, gas phase reactions contribute significantly to the overall decomposition of TBBA. Guided by their results on the volatility of TBBA, Marsanich et al. 16 explained that, exposing TBBA to a temperature higher than its melting point (~450 K) results readily in the evaporation of TBBA. Barontini et al. 15 showed that, the evaporation of TBBA contributed significantly to the total weight loss of TBBA, at temperatures as low as 480 K. Available kinetic models were primarily formulated to describe decomposition in the condensed phase. Thus, they are not extendable to account for the decomposition chemistry of TBBA in the gas phase. A kinetic gas-phase model of the pyrolysis of TBBA differs fundamentally from a corresponding condensed-phase model. For example, bimolecular isomerisation reactions (prevailing reactions in condensed phase) are of negligible importance when compared with the unimolecularly-derived pathways in the gas phase. Furthermore, understanding the gas 6 phase decomposit...

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanism of Thermal Decomposition of Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBA)

Altarawneh

Dlugogorski

2014

J. Phys. Chem. A

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In most studies, halogens in pyrolysis products were more concentrated in the solid conversion product. Luda et al 188 studied the fate of bromine in model WEEE plastics containing BFRs and found that most of the bromine partitioned to the solid residue fraction. However, thermal treatment in the absence of oxygen did not always preclude the formation of PBDDs/Fs.…”

Section: Thermal Weee Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental Issues and Management Strategies for Waste Electronic and Electrical Equipment

Townsend

2011

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Issues surrounding the impact and management of discarded or waste electronic and electrical equipment (WEEE) have received increasing attention in recent years. This attention stems from the growing quantity and diversity of electronic and electrical equipment (EEE) used by modern society, the increasingly rapid turnover of EEE with the accompanying burden on the waste stream, and the occurrence of toxic chemicals in many EEE components that can pose a risk to human and environmental health if improperly managed. In addition, public awareness of the WEEE or "e-waste" dilemma has grown in light of popular press features on events such as the transition to digital television and the exportation of WEEE from the United States and other developed countries to Africa, China, and India, where WEEE has often not been managed in a safe manner (e.g., processed with proper safety precautions, disposed of in a sanitary landfill, combusted with proper air quality procedures). This paper critically reviews current published information on the subject of WEEE. The definition, magnitude, and characteristics of this waste stream are summarized, including a detailed review of the chemicals of concern associated with different components and how this has changed and continues to evolve over time. Current and evolving management practices are described (e.g., reuse, recycling, incineration, landfilling). This review discusses the role of regulation and policies developed by governments, institutions, and product manufacturers and how these initiatives are shaping current and future management practices.

show abstract

“…1). Mostly brominated and unbrominated phenols and bisphenols are found in the pyrolysis oil however the balance phenols/bisphenols and brominated/unbrominated species depends on the temperature and residence time in the reactor; higher temperatures and longer times making debromination more extensive (Luda et al, 2007(Luda et al, , 2010. The size of the PCB particles effects as well on the decomposition temperature: degradation is postponed when particles are larger than 1 cm 2 due to heat transfer limitation (Quan et al, 2009).…”

Section: Pyrolysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Recycling of Printed Circuit Boards

Luda¹

2011

Integrated Waste Management - Volume II

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Pyrolysis of fire retardant anhydride-cured epoxy resins

Cited by 62 publications

References 16 publications

Mechanism of Thermal Decomposition of Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBA)

Mechanism of Thermal Decomposition of Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBA)

Environmental Issues and Management Strategies for Waste Electronic and Electrical Equipment

Recycling of Printed Circuit Boards

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About