Pyelonephritis in Infancy and Childhood

Riley, Harris D.

doi:10.1016/s0031-3955(16)31592-9

Cited by 15 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 64 publications

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“…Using the centrifugation technique; 5 or more pus cells per h.p.f. are generally accepted as significant (Kass, 1956;Pryles, 1960;Riley, 1964;Kunin, Deutscher, and Paquin, 1964), but some authors accept only 10 or more pus cells per h.p.f. (Jackson, Grieble, and Knudsen, 1958).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurement of pyuria in urinary tract infections.

Houston¹

1969

Archives of Disease in Childhood

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurement of pyuria in urinary tract infections.

Houston¹

1969

Archives of Disease in Childhood

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“…15 Complete eradication of the infection is necessary in order to avoid subsequent relapse with re-infection and to minimize renal scar tissue. 15 Complete eradication of the infection is necessary in order to avoid subsequent relapse with re-infection and to minimize renal scar tissue.…”

Section: Therapy Of Urinary Tract Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Abnormalities of the Urinary Tract

Quillian

1966

Clin Pediatr (Phila)

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“…Inoculum size has been shown to play an important role in determining the susceptibility of a given bacterium to an antibiotic. Although inoculum size has been shown to influence the susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and other organisms to cefaclor (9). Specimens of pus will commonly contain concentrations of 107 organisms per ml (11).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Susceptibility of Haemophilus influenzae type b to cefaclor and influence of inoculum size

Levin¹,

Azimi²

1982

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

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Cefaclor appeared to be an effective antibiotic against both beta-lactamasepositive and beta-lactamase-negative strains of Haemophilus influenzae type b when tested with 105 colony-forming units per ml. With inocula in excess of 106 colony-forming units per ml, these organisms were neither inhibited nor killed at concentrations of 400 ,ug/ml. This inoculum effect was also demonstrated in timekill curve studies.Cefaclor, an oral cephalosporin derivative with antibacterial activity against Haemophilus influenzae, has become a popular therapeutic choice for otitis media and for systemic H. influenzae infection after initial parenteral treatment with other agents in children. This study demonstrates the in vitro activity of cefaclor against H. influenzae type b, including betalactamase-producing strains, the effect of inoculum size, and the growth kinetics of these organisms in the presence of cefaclor.Thirty strains of H. influenzae type b, including fifteen beta-lactamase-positive strains, were tested for susceptibility to cefaclor. Twenty-nine of these isolates were obtained from blood or cerebrospinal fluid samples from children with infection, and one was cultured from an infected eye sample. The definitions of minimal inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations and the methodology used have been described previously (1). Minimal inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations were determined for three inoculum sizes, 104, 106, and 107 colony-forming units (CFU)/ml, prepared by diluting an overnightgrowth suspension of the organisms adjusted to a McFarland no. 0.5 turbidity standard.Time-kill curves were determined with cefaclor for five beta-lactamase-positive and five beta-lactamase-negative H. influenzae type b strains with both light (104 to i05 CFU/ml) and heavy (106 to 107 CFU/ml) inocula. The organisms were grown overnight in Mueller-Hinton broth with 4% Fildes enrichment. A concentration of 2 ,ug/ml was chosen for the cefaclor because it correlated with achievable middle-ear fluid levels obtained after oral therapy (5). Each test sample (total volume, 4 ml) was incubated at 37°C in a candle jar, and 0.5-ml portions were removed at 0, 4, 8, and 24 h. These were serially diluted and streaked onto Fildes-enriched Mueller-Hinton agar. Colonies were counted after 24 h of incubation. Specimens from antibiotic-free control tubes were sampled simultaneously, and colony counts were determined in the same manner.With the standard inoculum (104 to 105 CFU/ml), 100%o of both beta-lactamase-positive and beta-lactamase-negative strains were inhibited by 1.56 pg of cefaclor per ml, and 97% were killed with 3.12

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Pyelonephritis in Infancy and Childhood

Cited by 15 publications

References 64 publications

Measurement of pyuria in urinary tract infections.

Measurement of pyuria in urinary tract infections.

Abnormalities of the Urinary Tract

Susceptibility of Haemophilus influenzae type b to cefaclor and influence of inoculum size

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