PVDF Sensor Foils Employed to Measure Shear Stress and Temperature of Friction Welding

Abstract

Friction welding is a popular process for joining metal and polymer work pieces by rubbing them against each other. This way, friction heat is generated in a zone of the faying surfaces, thinner than 1 mm. After cooling down, the heated surfaces establish a tight and strong bond. To improve this joining process, a method is desirable allowing measuring generated temperature and shear stress in the zone between the joining work pieces. Unfortunately, this is a very difficult task because the welding zone cannot be accessed with a sensor without significantly altering the process and thereby the desired measurement results. This paper describes how shear stress and temperature change generated by rubbing polymer pieces in a friction welding machine have been measured between the faying surfaces by employing sensor foils from the piezoelectric and pyroelectric polymer polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF). This way, heating and cooling rates, pressure rise of the pneumatic system, frequency rise of the starting machine, the duration of starting and stopping, the damping of the vibrations after the drive was stopped, and the stress generated by the pullback of the machine head have been measured. A careful characterization of the sensor was necessary to enable distinguishing the measured voltage due to straining, shearing and temperature change.

Sensors for the measurement of shear stress and shear strain-a review on materials, fabrication, devices, and applications

“…This sensor was only suitable for measuring the dynamic load applied on a surface. Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) having built-in piezoelectric property was used for measuring shear strain in many applications [47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54]. PVDF can form various types of polycrystalline structures named alpha, beta, gamma, and δ, depending on the chain conformations.…”