PVC Membrane Sensor for Potentiometric Determination of Atropine in Some Pharmaceutical Formulations

Forensic electrochemistry: sensing the molecule of murder atropine

“…10 We note that there is only one report describing the electrochemical detection of atropine using uncharacterised multi-walled carbon nanotubes incorporated into a paste electrode coupled with the surfactant sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate which was applied for the determination of atropine in eye drops. 11 We also note that there are literature reports of ion-selective electrodes, 12,13 electrochemiluminescence detection, 14 and non-aqueous capillary electrophoresis coupled with electrochemiluminescence and electrochemistry dual detection, 15 though these are indirect electrochemical measurements.…”

Supramolecular Atropine Potentiometric Sensor

“…The presence of lipophilic anion (KTpCIPB) improved the ion extraction and ensured the perm-selective of the sensing membrane, explaining its importance in the membrane composition. The type II membrane was selected for further studies, once the main electrode characteristics such as LLLR were much more competitive than other electrodes reported by Alçada et al [ 9 ] (1.2 × 10 −5 mol/L), Mostafa et al [ 10 ] (1 × 10 −6 mol/L), Zareh et al [ 13 , 14 ] (1.9 × 10 −6 mol/L) or even by using an electrochemiluminescent-based sensor [ 34 ].…”

“…However, these methods require more laborious manipulation, expensive reagents, and sophisticated instruments. Meanwhile, potentiometric methods based on the use of ion-selective electrodes appeared as an alternative because of their inherent advantages over those methods, such as portability and real-time analysis [ 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 ]. The use of ion PVC sensors, where the plasticizer was dopped with sparingly soluble atropine salts, such as atropine-reineckate [ 8 ], atropine-phosphotungstate [ 10 ], atropine-tetrakis(4-chlorophenyl)-borate [ 9 ], or simply potassium tetrakis-[3,5-bis-(trifloromethyl)-phenyl] borate [ 8 , 9 , 10 ], enabled simplified potentiometric determination based on the exchange equilibrium with the sample solution, though with low selectivity trade-off [ 12 ].…”

“…Meanwhile, potentiometric methods based on the use of ion-selective electrodes appeared as an alternative because of their inherent advantages over those methods, such as portability and real-time analysis [ 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 ]. The use of ion PVC sensors, where the plasticizer was dopped with sparingly soluble atropine salts, such as atropine-reineckate [ 8 ], atropine-phosphotungstate [ 10 ], atropine-tetrakis(4-chlorophenyl)-borate [ 9 ], or simply potassium tetrakis-[3,5-bis-(trifloromethyl)-phenyl] borate [ 8 , 9 , 10 ], enabled simplified potentiometric determination based on the exchange equilibrium with the sample solution, though with low selectivity trade-off [ 12 ]. In turn, the use of neutral ionophores, such as β-cyclodextrin [ 10 ], phosphorated calix[6]arene derivatives [ 13 ] or valinomycin [ 14 ], looks to have better sensor characteristics concerning the selectivity as well as a larger linear response.…”

Electrochemistry of Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complexes of Pharmaceutical Compounds

“…Binding constants in solution are usually determined from potentiometric titrations or plots of cyclic voltammetry peak potentials vs CD concentration after assessing the guest/host ratio in the complex [33,34]. Potentiometric measurements are more frequently used in studying the inclusion complexes of pharmaceutical compounds with cyclodextrins [35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48], and ion-selective electrodes are employed, for the direct measurement of the guest activity in the solution [49][50][51][52]. Decreased peak currents in cyclic voltammetry and shifts in the oxidation and reduction potentials are observed on complexation, owing to the smaller diffusion coefficients of the complexes than that of the guest alone, and to the relatively high stability of these complexes.…”