Purification of Indonesian Natural Graphite by Acid Leaching Method as Nuclear Fuel Matrix: Physical Characterization

Abstract

Graphite matrix in Pebble Bed Reactor (PBR) fuel has an important role not only as neutron moderator and structural material to protect nuclear fuel, but also as heat transfer media. Therefore, the graphite matrix must meet the criteria of physical and chemical properties specified for PBR fuel. This paper focuses on the purification of the Indonesian natural graphite by using hydrometallurgy method with acid treatments. The characteristic of the purified graphite was studied for its specification compliance as a candidate of fuel matrix for PBR type of High Temperature Gas Cooled Reactor (HTGR). Acid and acid mixtures such as HF, HNO3+H2SO4 and HF+HCl+H2SO4 were used for the purification process. Crystal structure examination by X-Ray Diffraction indicates that the graphite sample was 2H poly type with hexagonal crystal structure and lattice group of P 63 m c space group. It was observed that the graphite sample purified by HNO3+H2SO4 mixture had the closest resemblance to single crystalline graphite with a <d002> deviation of 0.94 when compared to perfect graphite crystal. The density of graphite decreases from 2.3273 g/cm3 (before acid treatment) to 2.1808; 2.2203 and 2.2752 g/cm3 after treatment with HF, HNO3+H2SO4 and HF+HCl+H2SO4, respectively. These results are close to the theoretical density value of 2.26 g/cm3. The surface area decreases from 10.346 m2/g to 6.177; 5.831 and 7.63 m2/g for the treated graphite with HF, HNO3+H2SO4 and HF+HCl+H2SO4 respectively. However, these values are still higher than that of nuclear grade graphite (i.e. between 4.80 and 5.55 m2/g). The average diameter size of graphite decreased from 29.65 μm (before treated acid) into 23.12 μm (after treated acid). The Indonesian natural graphite obtained from acid purification treatment is potential to be used as matrix material for PBR - HTGR fuel, but further treatment is necessary.

Determination of Elements in Acid Leaching of Graphite Using Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis

“…The graphite was isolated from its ore by froth flotation process from the other gangue mineral (Joni et al 2013). Purification processes of graphitewere done according to Mustika et al (Mustika et al 2019); typically, the isolated graphite was leached by HF, H 2 SO 4 +HNO 3 (1:1) and HF+HCl+H 2 SO 4 (1:1:1) solution at 1:5 weight ratio. The mixture was stirred for 3 hours and washed by aquadest for several times until it reaches the neutral level pH of supernatant.…”

“…It was reported that the trace elements contents were successfully determined in natural, nuclear grade, commercial graphite sample by INAA (Jerzy Janczyszyn and Kwiecinska 2015) (Shinde, Acharya, and Verma 2012). In the previous study, the authors have first purified the natural graphite of Indonesia using the appropriate type of acid leaching, followed by physical characterization of the sample employing a variety of methods (Mustika et al 2019). Further, in this work, the authors have focused their objective on the determination of the multi-element contents in the forth floating process and treated acid of local Indonesia graphite using instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA).…”

Purification of Indonesian Natural Graphite as Candidate for Nuclear Fuel Matrix by Acid Leaching Method: Chemical Characterization

“…Indonesian natural graphite is found in Sumatera, Sulawesi, and Kalimantan with the highest content found in Sanggau regency, West Kalimantan [9,10,11] with the prospect for purification using various method-among them flotation [11,12] and acid leaching [13,14]. Based on the need of natural graphite as nuclear fuel matrix and Indonesia's potential natural graphite, further research on Indonesian natural graphite purification is required to fulfill the specification of nuclear fuel matrix.…”