Purification of Indonesian Natural Graphite as Candidate for Nuclear Fuel Matrix by Acid Leaching Method: Chemical Characterization

Abstract

PURIFICATION OF INDONESIAN NATURAL GRAPHITE AS CANDIDATE FOR NUCLEAR FUEL MATRIX BY ACID LEACHING METHOD: CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION. Graphite matrix in Pebble Bed Reactor (PBR) – High Temperature Gas Cooled Reactor (HTGR) has an important role as heat transfer medium, neutron moderator and structural material to protect fuel. Thus, graphite matrix must fulfill chemical and physical characteristics for PBR-HTGR fuel. Indonesia has graphite sources in several regions that can potentially be purified. This research aimed to purify Indonesian natural graphite by several variation of acids and to perform chemical characterizations. Natural graphite from flotation process was purified by several variations of acid, i. e., hydrofluoric acid (HF), sulphuric acid + nitric acid (H2SO4 + HNO3) and hydrofluoric acid + hydrochloric acid + sulphuric acid (HF + HCl + H2SO4) and subsequently followed by chemical characterizations such as purity level, ash content, and boron quivalent. The highest purity was obtained in the purification process by HF with carbon content up to 99.52%; this purity level fulfills the specification of nuclear graphite (>99%). Ash content analysis shows a value in compliance with the specification requirement, i.e., < 100 ppm, and boron equivalent value also fulfills the specification value of < 1 ppm. It can be concluded from this study that the graphite purified by acid leaching with HF can be used as fuel matrix candidate but is qualified as low quality. Futher research is required to produce high quality nuclear graphite, particularly research in the minimization of the impurity by evaporation at temperatures over 950 oC to by far lower the ash content.Keywords: Indonesian natural graphite, purification, nuclear fuel matrix, acid leaching, chemical characterization.

Towards greener batteries: sustainable components and materials for next-generation batteries

“…Important aspects should also be taken into consideration while graphite is being used in batteries: its purification to a battery-grade anode requires high quantities of chemicals such as sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and hydrogen fluoride (HF), which pose risks to both human health and the environment. 23,24 It is worth mentioning that Gr recycling would be a sustainable approach to alleviate the issues associated with its mining. However, recycling graphite is very challenging due to the complexity and diversity of the battery chemistries, structures, and components.…”