Pure ground glass opacity (GGO) on chest CT: a rare presentation of lung metastasis of Malignant Phyllodes Tumor

Utility of whole exome sequencing analysis in differentiating intrapulmonary metastatic multiple ground-glass nodules (GGNs) from multiple primary GGNs

“…As a result, 2 of 19 patients were identified as having possible intrapulmonary metastatic GGNs, suggesting that early metastasis may exist in GGNs. Clinical evidence of metastatic GGN from lung [8,9] and other organs [10][11][12][13][14] has also been reported. According to the Fleischner guidelines [24], multiple GGNs are considered as multiple primaries, and are routinely treated as independent primary tumors.…”

“…Clinical evidence of metastasis with GGNs has been reported, including pulmonary metastasis [8,9] and distant metastasis [10][11][12][13][14]. At present, a few studies have been focused on whether multiple GGNs were multiple primaries or intrapulmonary metastasis [15][16][17][18], most of which were based on the targeted genes [15][16][17], and only one study was based on genomics [18].…”

Malignant phyllodes tumor of the breast with metastases to the lungs: A case report and literature review

“…Koh et al [26] showed that a combination of large tumor size (≥90 mm) ant the presence of malignant heterologous elements had a statistically significant association with the development of distant metastasis. Most frequently, malignant PTs metastasize to the lung, bones, brain, and liver [7] , [8] , [9] , [10] , [11] , [12] , [13] , [14] , [15] , [16] , [17] , [18] , [19] , [20] , [21] . Few rare distant metastatic sites are the adrenal glands [20] , kidney [13] , skin [27] , ovary [28] , heart [29] , pleura [30] , oral cavity [31] , duodenum [32] , pancreas [33] , tonsillar [12] , and para-aortic nodes [34] .…”

“…In our literature review of patient with distant metastasis to the lungs, the most frequent chemotherapy was with Doxorubicin and ifosfamide [ 7 , 10 , [17] , [18] , [19] ]. In 6 studies [ 8 , 12 , [14] , [15] , [16] , 20 ] adjuvant chemotherapy was not given due to controversial effects or patient's request, detailed descriptions are shown in ( Table 2 ). Moon et al [10] showed complete remission of lung metastasis and no evidence of locoregional or distant metastasis 3 years after mastectomy with axillary lymph node dissection and adjuvant chemotherapy with doxorubicin and ifosfamide.…”

“…Recent literature reports that 10%-15% of PTs are malignant and approximately 9%-27% of patients with malignant phyllodes tumor have metastasis to distant organs with spreading hematogenously to most frequent sites as lungs, bones, brain, and liver [6] . Recurrence or metastasis of breast PTs predicts a shorter survival time, less than 2 years after diagnosis [7] , [8] , [9] , [10] , [11] , [12] , [13] , [14] , [15] , [16] , [17] , [18] , [19] , [20] , [21] .…”