2017
DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12896
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Pupil size as a measure of within‐task learning

Abstract: Pupillometry is commonly used in research to determine how much mental effort an individual is exerting while completing tasks. Traditionally, larger pupils are associated with increased mental effort when completing more difficult tasks. However, little research has investigated how pupils change as individuals learn a new task. In theory, as one repeatedly completes a task, the task demands should reduce, reliance on working memory should decrease, and the task should become more automatic. This should trans… Show more

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Cited by 41 publications
(40 citation statements)
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“…In this experiment, we tried to verify if the manipulation of the automatic tasks transformed them into tasks closer to a controlled demand, also investigating the possibility of a continuum of mental effort (Bugg et al 2008;Bugg and Crump 2012;Diede and Bugg 2017;Jacoby et al 2003). The results of the present study can be interpreted as demonstrating that cognitive processing does not follow an explicit dual logic, with some manipulation making easy tasks more demanding, but still not enough for an intense mental effort allocation as discussed in previous studies (Diede and Bugg 2017;Foroughi et al 2017;Hommel 2007;Konishi et al 2015).…”
Section: Discussionsupporting
confidence: 52%
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“…In this experiment, we tried to verify if the manipulation of the automatic tasks transformed them into tasks closer to a controlled demand, also investigating the possibility of a continuum of mental effort (Bugg et al 2008;Bugg and Crump 2012;Diede and Bugg 2017;Jacoby et al 2003). The results of the present study can be interpreted as demonstrating that cognitive processing does not follow an explicit dual logic, with some manipulation making easy tasks more demanding, but still not enough for an intense mental effort allocation as discussed in previous studies (Diede and Bugg 2017;Foroughi et al 2017;Hommel 2007;Konishi et al 2015).…”
Section: Discussionsupporting
confidence: 52%
“…Mental effort is controlled by task demands, as more difficult tasks tend to require higher mental effort. Arousal caused by effort is modulated according to the accomplishment of the task, that is, cognitive feedback allows modulation of mental effort during tasks (Foroughi et al 2017;Leppink & Pérez-Fuster, 2019;Sweller 1988;Yeo and Neal 2008). Tasks are assumed to require a fixed amount of cognitive resources to their realization, being these resources dependent of the cognitive load required by the difficulty of the task and by potential extra load related to distractions and poorly designed instructions.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…Cognitive and emotional processes evoke pupillary dilation in both humans and non-human primates, reflecting vigilance, arousal and attention (Laeng, Sirois & Gredebäck, 2012; Schneider M. et al, 2016; Becket Ebitz & Moore, 2017; McGarrigle et al, 2017; Foroughi, Sibley & Coyne, 2017). Hence, pupillary diameters may serve as an index of brain activity and mental efforts (or lack hereof).…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Measuring the effectiveness of learning may also be monitored through pupillary dilatation. Learning processes such as Pavlovian, associative learning or categorization are characterized by large pupils initially, when the cognitive load is big, and by smaller diameters when the task or item is being learned 50,[87][88][89][90][91] . Pupils also dilate in response to mental arithmetic 2, 92-98 , decisionmaking and visual backward masking tasks [99][100][101][102][103][104][105][106][107][108][109] and they can reveal the degree of certainty during any selection process, i.e.…”
Section: Pico 2: Pupillary Changes Associated With Cognitive and Emotmentioning
confidence: 99%