Pultruded Hybrid Reinforced Compounds with Glass/Cellulose Fibers in a Polybutylene Terephthalate Matrix: Property Investigation

Kahl, Christian; Schlink, André; Heim, Hans-Peter

doi:10.3390/polym14061149

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…The deviation of this axis from the flow direction is described by the angle theta (θ). The smaller the angle theta, the better the fiber is oriented in the flow direction [ 18 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modification of Polyamide 66 for a Media-Tight Hybrid Composite with Aluminum

et al. 2023

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Metal–plastic composites are becoming increasingly important in lightweight construction. As a combination, e.g., for transmission housings in automobiles, composites made of die-cast aluminum housings and Polyamide 66 are a promising material. The interface between metal and plastic and the properties of the plastic component play an important role with regard to media tightness against transmission oil. The mechanical properties of the plastic can be matched to aluminum by glass fibers and additives. In the case of fiber-reinforced plastics, the mechanical properties depend on the fiber length and their orientation. These structural properties were investigated using computer tomography and dynamic image analysis. In addition to the mechanical properties, the thermal expansion coefficient was also investigated since a strongly different coefficient of the joining partners leads to stresses in the interface. Polyamide 66 was processed with 30 wt% glass fibers to align the mechanical and thermal expansion properties to those of aluminum. In contrast to the reinforcement additives, an impact modifier to improve the toughness of the composite, and/or a calcium stearate to exert influence on the rheological behavior of the composite, were used. The combination of the glass fibers with calcium stearate in Polyamide 66 led to high stiffnesses (11,500 MPa) and strengths (200 MPa), which were closest to those of aluminum. The coefficient of thermal expansion was found to be 6.6 × 10−6/K for the combination of Polyamide 66 with 30 wt% glass fiber and shows a low expansion exponent compared to neat Polamid 66. It was detected that the use of an impact modifier led to less orientated fibers along the injection direction, which resulted in lower modulus and strength in terms of mechanical properties.

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“…The deviation of this axis from the flow direction is described by the angle theta (θ). The smaller the angle theta, the better the fiber is oriented in the flow direction [ 18 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modification of Polyamide 66 for a Media-Tight Hybrid Composite with Aluminum

et al. 2023

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“…The RoHM was used to calculate a prediction of the mechanical properties in tensile and impact tests. The formula deals with the reference compounds and the volume of each component [ 16 , 17 ]: P H = P 1 ∗ V 1 + P 2 ∗ V 2 …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Fiber Volume in Hybrid Short Glass/Cellulose Reinforced Thermoplastic Compounds

2022

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Glass fibers (GF) and regenerated cellulose fibers (RCF) are possible partners in the hybrid reinforcement of thermoplastics because of their different properties. Due to the weak bonding properties of polypropylene, coupling agents are used and the fiber volume content is set high to achieve high reinforcing effects. A lower fiber content of GF can raise the toughness properties of a reinforced polypropylene which is investigated in this study with different ratios of GF and RCF. The composites are tested in tensile tests, flexural tests and also in notched Charpy impact tests. The results can be used to compare whether a substitution of GF with RCF or the addition of more GF leads to higher mechanical properties. The tensile and Charpy impact results are compared with the Rule of Hybrid Mixtures (RoHM) to show the deviation to the prediction. Better results in terms of stiffness and strength are seen with a higher total fiber volume, while hybrid reinforced specimens show lower toughness values compared to the RCF reinforced reference specimens. Adding 5 vol% GF to 16 vol% RCF results in an increase in tensile strength by 26%, but also a significant decrease in elongation at break by 65%.

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“…Hence, the analysis is not limited to a single cross-sectional plane, but can also include the evaluation of specific volumes. The polymer matrix and fibers can be segmented and the volumetric distribution of individual fibers of different types can be quantified in three dimensions [ 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of Local Electrical Properties Using a Potential Field Measurement for Electrically Conductive Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastics with Metal Contact Pins Joined via Injection Molding

et al. 2022

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Carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP) bear a high potential in terms of electrical conductivity and its potential applications. A locally resolved electrical measurement method for these anisotropic materials is a key prerequisite for understanding the structural and manufacturing process-related interrelationships. The aim of this paper is to develop a measurement method that allows this to be achieved and also to investigate areas of overmolded metal contact pins in detail. CFRP samples with polyamide 6 and polycarbonate matrices were used, which were produced by using a custom-designed injection mold. In order to evaluate the measurement results and to correlate them to process related structural properties, reflected light microscopy and X-ray microtomography were used. Typical areas with significant fiber structures of assembly injection molded samples were electrically and structurally characterized to identify correlations. Among further results, the correlation of equipotential lines, acquired from the electrical analysis, with specific fiber orientations within the injection molded samples was demonstrated, fiber-poor areas were identified, and a beneficial influence of weld lines on contact resistances was determined.

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Pultruded Hybrid Reinforced Compounds with Glass/Cellulose Fibers in a Polybutylene Terephthalate Matrix: Property Investigation

Cited by 3 publications

References 25 publications

Modification of Polyamide 66 for a Media-Tight Hybrid Composite with Aluminum

Modification of Polyamide 66 for a Media-Tight Hybrid Composite with Aluminum

Influence of Fiber Volume in Hybrid Short Glass/Cellulose Reinforced Thermoplastic Compounds

Determination of Local Electrical Properties Using a Potential Field Measurement for Electrically Conductive Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastics with Metal Contact Pins Joined via Injection Molding

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