Pulse rate response of adolescents to auditory stimuli.

Heart-rate change as a component of the orienting response.

“…DeLeon (1964), Kaebling, King, Achenbach, Branson, and Pasamanick (1960), and Stovkis, Liem, and Bolten (1962) also reported acceleration to loud sounds. However, Shock and Schlatter (1942) found only deceleration to sounds characterized as startling which included such stimuli as a loud snap, an auto horn, and a cap pistol. The response was measured in 3-second units, and there were no differences between stimuli rated most startling and those rated least startling.…”

Recovery of Motor Performance following Startle

“…Although there have been numerous studies of autonomic or electromyographic response to startle (Berg & Beebe-Center, 1941;Davis, 1948;Jones & Kennedy, 1951;Lauer & Smith, 1932;Shock & Schlatter, 1942;Skaggs, 1926), as well as the well-known work of Landis and Hunt (1939) on the muscular reflex to startle, relatively few studies have been concerned with the effects of startle on performance. Thus, whileu it is generally believed that startle has a disruptive effect upon performance, little data are available concerning the actual extent of disruption resulting from startle, the rate of recovery, or the characteristics of Ss who differ in their susceptibility to startle.…”

Bioelectrical potentials and mental effort: I. Cardiac effects.

“…Facts concerning the relation of cardiac frequency (pulse speed) to psychological processes are so well known that very little more may be expected for this topic alone. A few of the early references to it are Ladd and Woodworth (11), Billings and Shepard (3), Blatz (4), Skaggs (13,14), Darrow (6), Boas and Goldschmidt (5), Baker (1), Shock and Schlatter (12), and Benedict (2). Several have noted that sudden attention given to almost any stimulus is followed by a highly reliable and consistent increase in cardiac frequency.…”