Pulmonary Ventilation Measured from Body Surface Movements

Peterson, Norman C.; Grimby, Gunnar; Mead, J.

doi:10.1126/science.156.3780.1383

Cited by 158 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…They were then connected to a mechanical ventilator (Harvard pump, Chicago, IL), and a venous cannula was inserted in the forelimb to give maintenance doses of anesthetic (3-5 mg/kg); a catheter was also inserted into the left femoral artery to monitor blood pressure and heart rate. The rib cage and intercostal muscles were subsequently exposed from the first to the tenth rib by deflection of the skin and underlying muscle layers, and a pair of linearized magnetometers (Norman H. Peterson, Boston, MA) was attached to the external intercostal muscles in the fifth and sixth interspaces on the right and left sides to measure changes in rib cage transverse diameter (12). A differential pressure transducer (Validyne, Northridge, CA) was also connected to a side port of the endotracheal tube to measure airway opening pressure (Pao), after which two experimental protocols were followed.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the respiratory function of the ribs

Cappello

Troyer

2002

Journal of Applied Physiology

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Cappello, Matteo, and André De Troyer. On the respiratory function of the ribs. J Appl Physiol 92: 1642-1646, 2002;; 10.1152/japplphysiol.01053.2001.-To assess the respiratory function of the ribs, we measured the changes in airway opening pressure (Pao) induced by stimulation of the parasternal and external intercostal muscles in anesthetized dogs, first before and then after the bony ribs were removed from both sides of the chest. Stimulating either set of muscles with the rib cage intact elicited a fall in Pao in all animals. After removal of the ribs, however, the fall in Pao produced by the parasternal intercostals was reduced by 60% and the fall produced by the external intercostals was eliminated. The normal outward curvature of the rib cage was also abolished in this condition, and when the curvature was restored by a small inflation, external intercostal stimulation consistently elicited a rise rather than a fall in Pao. These findings thus confirm that the ribs play a critical role in the act of breathing by converting intercostal muscle shortening into lung volume expansion. In addition, they carry the compression that is required to balance the pressure difference across the chest wall. mechanics of breathing; rib cage mechanics; intercostal muscles RIBS ARE A PROMINENT FEATURE of the trunk in vertebrates and are often regarded as a shield protecting the vital organs of the thoracic cavity, in particular the heart and the lungs. In mammals, however, many ribs are exposed to pleural pressure, which is below atmospheric pressure. Moreover, ribs move cranially during the inspiratory phase of the breathing cycle. This cranial movement is primarily related to the contraction of two sets of intercostal muscles, namely the internal intercostals of the parasternal area (the so-called parasternal intercostals) (2,3,7,9) and the external intercostals of the rostral interspaces (1, 7, 11), and contributes significantly to the expansion of the lung. Thus, in addition to protecting the intrathoracic organs, the ribs would appear to provide two essential respiratory functions. First, they would constitute the structural elements that carry the compressive stresses that balance the pressure difference across the chest wall. Second, the ribs would transform intercostal muscle shortening into lung volume expansion. Two series of experiments were designed to test these hypotheses, and they form the basis of the present report. METHODSThe studies were carried out on 14 adult mongrel dogs (body wt ϭ 13-28 kg) and were approved by the Animal Ethics and Welfare Committee of the Brussels School of Medicine. Animals were anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium (initial dose ϭ 30 mg/kg iv), placed in the supine posture, and intubated with a cuffed endotracheal tube. They were then connected to a mechanical ventilator (Harvard pump, Chicago, IL), and a venous cannula was inserted in the forelimb to give maintenance doses of anesthetic (3-5 mg/kg); a catheter was also inserted into the left femoral artery to monitor blood pres...

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the respiratory function of the ribs

Cappello

Troyer

2002

Journal of Applied Physiology

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“…was used. The diameter variations of the chest-wall were measured sagitally at the mamillary and the umbilical levels in the mid-line using magnetometres [17]. Changes in the strength of a magnetic field, generated by an electromagnet fixed to the anterior body surface, were sensed by a receiver coil tuned to the generating frequency and placed on the posterior body surface.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the same positions the antero-posterior (A-P) respiratory movements of the rib cage and the abdomen were measured using the principles of Konno and Mead [ 14j with a modification of their technique [17).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relative Respiratory Contribution of the Rib Cage and the Abdomen in Males and Females with Special Regard to Posture

Fugl‐Meyer¹

1974

Respiration

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Differences in the relative contribution of the rib cage and the abdomen to the tidal volume of quiet breathing were found between two groups of healthy young females and males. The differences between the sexes displayed themselves in a lower functional residual capacity and a relatively greater rib cage contribution to the tidal volume of quiet breathing in females. These differences were observed both in the supine and at more upright body positions. The suggested explanation is based on anthropometrical details causing differences in the rib cage/abdominal compliance relationships as parts of the chest wall, and also having effect on the positions of the diaphragm.

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“…This principle was initially employed using a series of threads attached to the chest wall and running over pulleys to linear transducers (Konno & Mead, 1967) but was much improved by the introduction of magnetometers (Mead, Peterson, Grimby and Mead, 1967). Each magnetometer consists of a pair of electromagnetic coils; one of these is placed on the back of the chest and is excited with a high frequency alternating current.…”

Section: Theoretical Problemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ventilation.

Sterling¹

1979

Brit J Clinical Pharma

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Pulmonary Ventilation Measured from Body Surface Movements

Cited by 158 publications

References 9 publications

On the respiratory function of the ribs

On the respiratory function of the ribs

Relative Respiratory Contribution of the Rib Cage and the Abdomen in Males and Females with Special Regard to Posture

Ventilation.

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