Puffing Topography and Nicotine Intake of Electronic Cigarette Users

Behar, Rachel Z.; Hua, My; Talbot, Prue

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0117222

Cited by 182 publications

(200 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…Nevertheless, recent findings suggest that puff velocity does not influence nicotine yield (Talih et al, 2014), >10 s puffs are rare (only 1.17% of all puffs in our study), and the CReSS device shares similar recording issues with a limit of 43 puffs. Despite methodological differences, puff durations under high and low nicotine conditions observed here are similar to those previously reported in experienced users using newer generation devices (Farsalinos et al, 2014;Hua et al, 2013) but longer than those reported for cartomiser (first-generation) devices (Behar, Hua, & Talbot, 2015) and tobacco cigarettes (Hua et al, 2013). Our study was conducted in a controlled laboratory environment which may not reflect real-world puffing behaviour (Robinson, Hensel, Morabito & Roundtree 2015) possibly over-estimating puffing.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

Self-titration by experienced e-cigarette users: blood nicotine delivery and subjective effects

Dawkins

Kimber

Doig³

et al. 2016

Psychopharmacology

143

121

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Funding: This study was fully funded by the University of East London PhD Excellence Studentship to CK. Declaration of interests:We declare that we have received no support from any companies for this work and there are no non-financial conflicts of interest that would be considered relevant to this work. LED has previously conducted research for several independent electronic cigarette companies. These companies had no input into the design, conduct or write up of the projects. She has also acted as a consultant for the pharmaceutical industry and as an expert witness in a patent infringement case. CK and OC declare no competing interests. MD and CF have previously supported other research groups by the quantification of cotinine, 3-hydroxy cotinine and nicotine. These groups had no input into the design, conduct or write up of this project.Keywords: Nicotine, Titration, E-cigarette, Puffing topography, Compensation 2 Abstract Rationale Self-titration is well documented in the tobacco literature. The extent to which ecigarette users (vapers) self-titrate is unknown.Objective This study explored the effects of high and low nicotine strength liquid on puffing topography, nicotine delivery and subjective effects in experienced vapers.Methods Eleven experienced male vapers completed 60 minutes of ad libitum vaping under low (6 mg/mL) and high (24 mg/mL) nicotine liquid conditions in two separate sessions.Measurements included: puffing topography (puff number, puff duration, volume of liquid consumed); and changes in: plasma nicotine levels, craving, withdrawal symptoms, selfreported hit, satisfaction and adverse effects.Results Liquid consumption and puff number were higher, and puff duration longer, in the low nicotine strength condition (all ps < 0.01). The mean difference in nicotine boost from baseline in the low condition was 8.59 (7.52) ng/mL, 16.99 (11.72) ng/mL and 22.03 (16.19) ng/mL at 10, 30 and 60 minutes respectively. Corresponding values for the high condition were 33.77 (34.88) ng/mL, 35.48 (28.31) ng/mL and 43.57 (34.78) ng/mL (ps < 0.05). There were no statistically significant differences between conditions in self-reported craving, withdrawal symptoms, satisfaction, hit or adverse effects.Conclusions Vapers engaged in compensatory puffing with lower nicotine strength liquid, doubling their consumption. Whilst compensatory puffing was sufficient to reduce craving and withdrawal discomfort, self-titration was incomplete with significantly higher plasma nicotine levels in the high condition.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

Self-titration by experienced e-cigarette users: blood nicotine delivery and subjective effects

Dawkins

Kimber

Doig³

et al. 2016

Psychopharmacology

143

121

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…A 15‐minute break between the 2 exposure sessions was given so that the animals could access fresh air, food, and water. The puff duration was 3 seconds, puff interval 1 minute, and the puff volume was 50 mL, all of which mimics real‐life exposure scenarios 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33. As for the controls or control mice, they were matched in terms of age and sex (ie, 10‐week‐old males), and were exposed to clean air.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Short‐Term E‐Cigarette Exposure Increases the Risk of Thrombogenesis and Enhances Platelet Function in Mice

Qasim

Karim

Silva‐Espinoza

et al. 2018

JAHA

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BackgroundCardiovascular disease is the main cause of death in the United States, with smoking being the primary preventable cause of premature death, and thrombosis being the main mechanism of cardiovascular mortality in smokers. Due to the perception that electronic/e‐cigarettes are “safer/less harmful” than conventional cigarettes, their usage—among a variety of ages—has increased tremendously during the past decade. Notably, there are limited studies regarding the negative effects of e‐cigarettes on the cardiovascular system, which is also the subject of significant debate.Methods and ResultsWe employed a passive e‐VapeTM vapor inhalation system and developed an in vivo whole‐body e‐cigarette mouse exposure protocol that mimics real‐life human exposure scenarios/conditions and investigated the effects of e‐cigarettes and clean air on platelet function and thrombogenesis. Our results show that platelets from e‐cigarette–exposed mice are hyperactive, with enhanced aggregation, dense and α granule secretion, activation of the αIIbβ3 integrin, phosphatidylserine expression, and Akt and ERK activation, when compared with clean air–exposed platelets. E‐cigarette–exposed platelets were also found to be resistant to inhibition by prostacyclin, relative to clean air. Furthermore, the e‐cigarette–exposed mice exhibited a shortened thrombosis occlusion and bleeding times.ConclusionsTaken together, our data demonstrate for the first time that e‐cigarettes alter physiological hemostasis and increase the risk of thrombogenic events. This is attributable, at least in part, to the hyperactive state of platelets. Thus, the negative health consequences of e‐cigarette exposure should not be underestimated and warrant further investigation.

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“…It may be that the users puff harder/more frequently on E-Cig devices that are less efficient at delivering nicotine to maintain sufficient plasma nicotine levels. Indeed, data suggested that users were able to maintain constant nicotine uptake, despite switching brands (15). Importantly, until a greater consensus is reached, these data suggest that a modified Canadian Intense profile may be a suitable parameter for studying E-Cig aerosol generation.…”

Section: Tissue/cell Type Effectsmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…To date, no consensus exists on how to set E-Cig parameters, and nothing comparable to the Canadian Intense profile has been developed. However, Farsalinos et 15). These authors studied several different types of E-Cig and found that parameters varied only slightly with the type of E-Cig used.…”

Section: Tissue/cell Type Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Will chronic e-cigarette use cause lung disease?

Rowell

Tarran

2015

American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Phys

103

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Chronic tobacco smoking is a major cause of preventable morbidity and mortality worldwide. In the lung, tobacco smoking increases the risk of lung cancer, and also causes chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which encompasses both emphysema and chronic bronchitis. E-cigarettes (E-Cigs), or electronic nicotine delivery systems, were developed over a decade ago and are designed to deliver nicotine without combusting tobacco. Although tobacco smoking has declined since the 1950s, E-Cig usage has increased, attracting both former tobacco smokers and never smokers. E-Cig liquids (e-liquids) contain nicotine in a glycerol/propylene glycol vehicle with flavorings, which are vaporized and inhaled. To date, neither E-Cig devices, nor e-liquids, are regulated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The FDA has proposed a deeming rule, which aims to initiate legislation to regulate E-Cigs, but the timeline to take effect is uncertain. Proponents of E-Cigs say that they are safe and should not be regulated. Opposition is varied, with some opponents proposing that E-Cig usage will introduce a new generation to nicotine addiction, reversing the decline seen with tobacco smoking, or that E-Cigs generally may not be safe and will trigger diseases like tobacco. In this review, we shall discuss what is known about the effects of E-Cigs on the mammalian lung and isolated lung cells in vitro. We hope that collating this data will help illustrate gaps in the knowledge of this burgeoning field, directing researchers toward answering whether or not E-Cigs are capable of causing disease.

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Puffing Topography and Nicotine Intake of Electronic Cigarette Users

Cited by 182 publications

References 40 publications

Self-titration by experienced e-cigarette users: blood nicotine delivery and subjective effects

Self-titration by experienced e-cigarette users: blood nicotine delivery and subjective effects

Short‐Term E‐Cigarette Exposure Increases the Risk of Thrombogenesis and Enhances Platelet Function in Mice

Will chronic e-cigarette use cause lung disease?

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