Public water supplies of the 100 largest cities of the United States, 1962

Durfor, Charles N.; Becker, Edith

doi:10.3133/wsp1812

Cited by 77 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Hard water decreases the lathering of soap and increases accumulation of mineral deposits in plumbing and cooking utensils. Using a common hardness classification (Durfor and Becker, 1964), the measured values indicate that 8 (11.1 percent) of the 72 water samples are soft (less than 60 mg/L as CaCO 3 ), 19 samples (26.4 percent) are moderately hard (61 to 120 mg/L as CaCO 3 ), 27 samples (37.5 percent) are hard (121 to 180 mg/L as CaCO 3 ), and 18 samples (25.0 percent) are classified as very hard (greater than 180 mg/L as CaCO 3 ). Median hardness values were 52.1, 128, and 147 mg/L as CaCO 3 for the Huntley Mountain, Catskill, and Lock Haven Formations, respectively.…”

Section: Major Ionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Drinking water health standards comparison and chemical analysis of groundwater for 72 domestic wells in Bradford County, Pennsylvania, 2016

Clune¹,

Cravotta²

2019

Scientific Investigations Report

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Graphs showing major ion contributions to specific conductance (SC) for 72 groundwater samples from Bradford County, Pennsylvania, 2016: A, comparison of estimated ionic conductivity contributions by sodium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, bicarbonate, and sulfate to measured SC for all 72 samples; and B, relative contributions by major ion species to computed SC and selected groundwater samples of representative water types, expressed in percent, in order of increasing SC .

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Section: Major Ionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Drinking water health standards comparison and chemical analysis of groundwater for 72 domestic wells in Bradford County, Pennsylvania, 2016

Clune¹,

Cravotta²

2019

Scientific Investigations Report

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“…9. According to Durfor and Becker 23 , the maximum amount of TH permitted for use irrigation is 60 meq L -1 , while 120 meq L -1 is deemed to be the most appropriate limit. Table 10 indicates that the study locations are all deemed soft.…”

Section: Total Hardness (Th)mentioning

confidence: 99%

An evaluation of waste and well water quality for agriculture production around Erbil city, Iraq

Youni

Darwesh

2023

Baghdad Sci.J

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Erbil city is located in the northern Iraq with a population of over one million people. Due to water crises farmers usually use wastewater and well water for the agricultural production. In this study six stations were designed to sample waste water and three from well water to define waste water and ground water characteristics. In this study, Residual Na+ Carbonate, Mg++ hazard, salinity hazard, Kelley index, %sodium, total hardness, permeability index, potential salinity, sodium adsorption ratio, and Irrigation Water Quality Index (IWQI) were determined. The order of average cation concentrations in water was Mg2+> Ca2+ > Na+ > K+. While the proportion of main anions in water were HCO3 >SO4 > Cl. The highest concentrations of Ca2+, Mg2+ and Na+ were found in well water, while the highest concentration of K+ was found in wastewater. The maximum concentration of HCO3 and Cl recorded in well water, while the highest concentration SO4 recorded in wastewater. Moreover, the order of trace elements was Pb > Al > Fe > Cd > As > Mn >Cr > Ag > Ni. Keeping in mind metal concentration set by US EPA and FAO (1999) and (1994) guidelines the levels of Pb, Al, Fe, Mn, Cr, Ag and Ni in the waste and well water were within the admissible limitations for irrigation schemes. Moreover, limitations of As and Cd were beyond permissible limitation need to be reduced. The IWQI ranged from 88.92 to 95.09 in the waste water samples. Overall assessment reveals that cultivated agriculture plants were secured from toxic compounds.

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“…The presence of the minerals calcite and dolomite are the main reasons for the increase in the concentration of Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ in groundwater [51,52]. Classification of groundwater done by Durfor and Becker [48] based on WH is given in Table 4. All tested samples belong to the soft category.…”

Section: Total Dissolved Solids (Tds) and Total Hardness (Th)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrochemical Assessment of Water Used for Agricultural Soil Irrigation in the Water Area of the Three Morava Rivers in the Republic of Serbia

Pivić¹,

Maksimović²,

Dinić³

et al. 2022

Agronomy

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The assessment of the suitability and status of irrigation water quality from the aspect of its potential negative impact on soil salinization and mapping of spatial distribution within the area of the three Morava rivers, which includes the South, West, and Great Morava basins, was the purpose of this research. A total of 215 samples of irrigation water were tested, and their quality was evaluated based on the analysis of the following parameters: pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved salt (TDS), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), and content of SO42−, Cl−, HCO3−, CO3 2−, Mg2+, Ca2+, Na+, and K+. The results showed that the average content of ions was as follows: Ca2+ > Mg2+ > Na+ > K+ and HCO3− > SO42− > Cl− > CO32−. The assessment of irrigation water suitability was determined by calculating the following indices: percentage sodium (Na %), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), permeability index (PI), magnesium hazard (MH), potential salinity (PS), Kelley’s index (KI), total hardness (TH), irrigation water quality index (IWQI). Based on Wilcox’s diagram, the USSL diagram, and the Doneen chart, it was concluded that most of the samples were suitable for irrigation. Using multivariate statistical techniques and correlation matrices in combination with other hydrogeochemical tools such as Piper’s, Chadha’s, and Gibbs diagrams, the main factors associated with hydrogeochemical variability were identified.

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Public water supplies of the 100 largest cities of the United States, 1962

Cited by 77 publications

References 8 publications

Drinking water health standards comparison and chemical analysis of groundwater for 72 domestic wells in Bradford County, Pennsylvania, 2016

Drinking water health standards comparison and chemical analysis of groundwater for 72 domestic wells in Bradford County, Pennsylvania, 2016

An evaluation of waste and well water quality for agriculture production around Erbil city, Iraq

Hydrochemical Assessment of Water Used for Agricultural Soil Irrigation in the Water Area of the Three Morava Rivers in the Republic of Serbia

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