“…Over time, the concept of engagement has evolved and been redefined, resulting in different definitions and arguments among scholars. The term engagement has been studied in a variety of disciplines, including organizational behavior (Chandani et al, 2016;Ludwig & Frazier, 2012), psychology (Appleton et al, 2006;Timms et al, 2018), sociology (Braga et al, 2008;Breese, 2011;Donati, 2013), and political sciences (Conroy et al, 2012;Ekman & Amnå, 2012). Additionally, engagement has gained attention in a broad range of settings, such as brand engagement (Hollebeek, 2011;, community engagement (Baldus, 2018;Ha, 2018;Loureiro et al, 2015), organization engagement (Vivek et al, 2014), and online or social media engagement (Dessart, 2017;Dolan et al, 2015).…”