Public Policy to Protect Children From Tobacco, Nicotine, and Tobacco Smoke

Farber, Harold J.; Nelson, Kevin E.; Groner, Judith A.; Walley, Susan C.

doi:10.1542/peds.2015-3109

Cited by 33 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 60 publications

(24 reference statements)

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“…Because smoking is still dynamic beyond age 18, pediatricians and other physicians should ensure that information about tobacco use is transferred to general medicine practitioners as their patients get older. Our analysis also supports increasing the smoking age from 18 to 21 [ 61 ]; 16.9% (954) of the ever smokers in our analysis initiated smoking between the ages of 18 and 21.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

“…People covered by smokefree laws are more likely to have smokefree cars [ 56 ] and homes [ 59 ], which increase the likelihood of successful smoking cessation [ 57 , 60 ]. In addition, as recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics [ 61 ], all movies and video games depicting smoking should be given an R rating [ 62 , 63 ] or eliminated entirely. Similarly, restricting all tobacco advertising, including point-of-sale and product placement, would deter smoking initiation and adolescent smoking and progression to established smoking.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Beyond experimentation: Five trajectories of cigarette smoking in a longitudinal sample of youth

et al. 2017

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The first goal of this study was to identify the most appropriate measure of cigarette smoking for identifying unique smoking trajectories among adolescents; the second goal was to describe the resulting trajectories and their characteristics. Using 15 annual waves of smoking data in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 (NLSY97), we conducted an exploratory latent class growth analysis to determine the best of four outcome variables for yearly smoking (cigarettes per day on days smoked, days smoked per month, mean cigarettes per day, and total cigarettes per month) among individuals aged 12 to 30 (n = 8,791). Days smoked per month was the best outcome variable for identifying unique longitudinal trajectories of smoking and characteristics of these trajectories that could be used to target different types of smokers for prevention and cessation. Objective statistics were used to identify four trajectories in addition to never smokers (34.1%): experimenters (13.6%), quitters (8.1%), early established smokers (39.0%), and late escalators (5.2%). We identified a quitter and late escalator class not identified in the only other comparable latent class growth analysis. Logistic regressions were used to identify the characteristics of individuals in each trajectory. Compared with never smokers, all trajectories except late escalators were less likely to be black; experimenters were more likely to be out of school and unemployed and drink alcohol in adolescence; quitters were more likely to have a mother with a high school degree/GED or higher (versus none) and to use substances in adolescence and less likely to have ever married as a young adult; early established smokers were more likely to have a mother with a high school diploma or GED, be out of school and unemployed, not live with both parents, have used substances, be depressed, and have peers who smoked in adolescence and to have children as young adults and less likely to be Hispanic and to have ever married as young adults; and late escalators were more likely to be Hispanic, drink alcohol, and break rules in adolescence and less likely to have ever married as young adults. Because of the number of waves of data analyzed, this analysis provided a clearer temporal depiction of smoking behavior and more easily distinguishable smoking trajectories than previous analyses. Tobacco control interventions need to move beyond youth-focused approaches to reach all smokers.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Beyond experimentation: Five trajectories of cigarette smoking in a longitudinal sample of youth

et al. 2017

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“…Global attempts to curb the tobacco epidemic include the World Health Organization’s tobacco-free initiative, aimed at implementing smoke-free environments and legislation limiting tobacco advertising, particularly to prevent initiation of tobacco and nicotine addiction among youth [5,24,108]. While these measures aim to control tobacco smoke exposure in public places, household exposure remains problematic.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The association between environmental tobacco smoke exposure and childhood respiratory disease: a review

Vanker

Gie

Zar

2017

Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine

143

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Introduction: Childhood respiratory illness is a major cause of morbidity and mortality particularly in low and middle-income countries. Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure is a recognised risk factor for both acute and chronic respiratory illness.Areas covered: The aim of this paper was to review the epidemiology of ETS exposure and impact on respiratory health in children. We conducted a search of 3 electronic databases of publications on ETS and childhood respiratory illness from 1990–2015. Key findings were that up to 70% of children are exposed to ETS globally, but under-reporting may mask the true prevalence. Maternal smoking and ETS exposure influence infant lung development and are associated with childhood upper and lower respiratory tract infection, wheezing or asthma. Further, exposure to ETS is associated with more severe respiratory disease. ETS exposure reduces lung function early in life, establishing an increased lifelong risk of poor lung health.Expert commentary: Urgent and effective strategies are needed to decrease ETS exposure in young children to improve child and long-term lung health in adults especially in low and middle income countries where ETS exposure is increasing.

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“…These policies can be improved in line with new scientific evidence. It has recently been recommended that the minimum age required for smoking should be raised (Farber et al, 2015), while other measures to prohibit adolescent drivers younger than 18 years from carrying passengers, or to limit their ability to do so according to the time of day, have also been suggested 4 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adolescent Brain Development and Progressive Legal Responsibility in the Latin American Context

Mercurio¹,

García-López²,

Quintero

et al. 2020

Front. Psychol.

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In this article, we analyze the contributions of neuroscience to the development of the adolescent brain and shed additional light on the minimum age of criminal responsibility in the context of Latin America. In neurobiology, maturity is perceived to be complex because the brain's temporal development process is not uniform across all its regions. This has important consequences for adolescents' behavior; in their search for the acceptance of their peers, they are more vulnerable to pressure and more sensitive to stress than adults. Their affectivity is more unstable, and they show signs of low tolerance to frustration and important emotional reactivity, with a decrease in the capacity to self-regulate. Consequently, risky behavior presents itself more frequently during adolescence, and behaviors that transgress norms and social conventions typically peak between the ages of 17 and 19 years. However, only a small percentage of young offenders escalate their behavior to committing crimes during adulthood. In comparative law, there are considerable differences in Latin American countries' legal dispositions regarding the minimum age of criminal responsibility; Brazil, Costa Rica, and Ecuador regard the age of criminal responsibility to be 12 years, while Argentina accepts this to be 16 years. From a legal viewpoint, however, the debate about the minimum age of criminal responsibility is connected to other circumstances that, because they are still at a developmental stage, are attributed to adolescents' rights in their decisionmaking and understanding of autonomy (e.g., the minimum ages for voting, alcohol consumption, and medical consent). We argue that research on the development of the adolescent brain does not provide definitive answers about the exact age required for different juridical purposes. Nonetheless, the current state of knowledge does allow for reflection on the development and maturation of adolescents and the implications for considering them criminally responsible. It also validates demands for a system that provides adolescents with greater protection and that favors their healthy integral development. In any case, although a specific minimum age is not evident, this study is disposed not to recommend lowering the age of criminal responsibility, but rather increasing it.

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Public Policy to Protect Children From Tobacco, Nicotine, and Tobacco Smoke

Cited by 33 publications

References 60 publications

Beyond experimentation: Five trajectories of cigarette smoking in a longitudinal sample of youth

Beyond experimentation: Five trajectories of cigarette smoking in a longitudinal sample of youth

The association between environmental tobacco smoke exposure and childhood respiratory disease: a review

Adolescent Brain Development and Progressive Legal Responsibility in the Latin American Context

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