“…2 For the volume-volatility relation, the theories of MDH (e.g., Andersen, 1996;Clark, 1973;Epps & Epps, 1976;Tauchen & Pitts, 1983) and DOH (e.g., Harris & Raviv, 1993;Shalen, 1993) suggest a positive contemporaneous link; whereas, a lead-lag relationship between them is added by an implication of SAIH (e.g., Copeland, 1976Copeland, , 1977. Empirically, these theories have been widely tested and accepted in many studies conducted within stock or Foreign Exchange (FX) markets (e.g., Bauwens, Omrane, & Giot, 2005;Bjønnes, Rime, & Solheim, 2005;Chan & Fong, 2000;Chan & Fong, 2006;Gallant, Rossi, & Tauchen, 1992;Giot et al, 2010;Kalev, Liu, & Pham, 2004;Karpoff, 1987). While stock market reactions are well explained by information-based trading models (e.g., Andersen, 1996;Copeland, 1976;Epps & Epps, 1976), there is also much evidence to suggest that FX trading activities also convey information for currency market participants (see Evans & Lyons, 2002;Ito, Lyons, & Melvin, 1998;Naranjo & Nimalendran, 2000 among others).…”