Public health implications of environmental exposure to cadmium and lead: an overview of epidemiological studies in Belgium

Staessen, Jan A; Buchet, Jean‐Pierre; Ginucchio, Giuliana; Lauwerys, Robert; Lijnen, Paul; Roels, Harry; Fagard, Robert

doi:10.1097/00043798-199602000-00005

Cited by 58 publications

(31 citation statements)

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“…Environmental exposures, however, are likely to be less changeable than occupational exposures, and single blood levels are frequently used biomarkers in population studies. 5,11,25 It is also likely that, because of the limitations of blood lead and cadmium as biomarkers, our results underestimate the associations of both metals with PAD.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

“…11 Finally, several autopsy studies have found associations between tissue lead or cadmium levels and atherosclerotic lesions. 37,38 Several limitations of this study should be considered.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1,2 Most studies of the cardiovascular effects of these elements in humans have focused on their association with increased blood pressure. 3,4 Other cardiovascular end points remain largely unexplored, although increased exposure to lead and cadmium has been associated with cardiovascular events in some [5][6][7][8][9] but not all 10,11 studies. Lead and cadmium increase oxidative stress, 12 affect endothelial function, 13 promote inflammation, 14 downregulate nitric oxide production, 15,16 and induce renal dysfunction, 17 mechanisms that could implicate these metals in the development of atherosclerosis.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Lead, Cadmium, Smoking, and Increased Risk of Peripheral Arterial Disease

et al. 2004

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Background— Lead and cadmium exposure may promote atherosclerosis, although the cardiovascular effects of chronic low-dose exposure are largely unknown. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the association between blood levels of lead and cadmium and peripheral arterial disease. Methods and Results— We analyzed data from 2125 participants who were ≥40 years of age in the 1999 to 2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Peripheral arterial disease was defined as an ankle brachial index <0.9 in at least 1 leg. Lead and cadmium levels were measured by atomic absorption spectrometry. After adjustment for demographic and cardiovascular risk factors, the ORs of peripheral arterial disease comparing quartiles 2 to 4 of lead with the lowest quartile were 1.63 (95% CI, 0.51 to 5.15), 1.92 (95% CI, 0.62 to 9.47), and 2.88 (95% CI, 0.87 to 9.47), respectively ( P for trend=0.02). The corresponding ORs for cadmium were 1.07 (95% CI, 0.44 to 2.60), 1.30 (95% CI, 0.69 to 2.44), and 2.82 (95% CI, 1.36 to 5.85), respectively ( P for trend=0.01). The OR of peripheral arterial disease for current smokers compared with never smokers was 4.13. Adjustment for lead reduced this OR to 3.38, and adjustment for cadmium reduced it to 1.84. Conclusions— Blood lead and cadmium, at levels well below current safety standards, were associated with an increased prevalence of peripheral arterial disease in the general US population. Cadmium may partially mediate the effect of smoking on peripheral arterial disease.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Lead, Cadmium, Smoking, and Increased Risk of Peripheral Arterial Disease

et al. 2004

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“…Because of this time lag, the correlations of the biomarkers of internal exposure with the concentrations of the toxic metals in house dust and vegetables might have been stronger than those currently reported. Indeed, we previously demonstrated that over a 5-year period, with a massive decrease in the emissions of the non-ferrous smelters in the polluted area (Staessen et al, 1995) and the gradual introduction of unleaded fuel in Belgium, the concentrations of cadmium and lead in blood dropped by approximately 30% (Staessen et al, 1996a(Staessen et al, , b, 2000, whereas the urinary excretion of cadmium declined by only 15% (Staessen et al, 2000). That the associations of the blood concentrations of cadmium and lead with the external markers of exposure were similar as those for 24-h urinary cadmium underscores the consistency of our findings and might reflect the persistent nature of these pollutants in house dust (Paustenbach et al, 1997).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

House dust as possible route of environmental exposure to cadmium and lead in the adult general population

Hogervorst

Plusquin

Vangronsveld

et al. 2007

Environmental Research

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185

100

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Contaminated soil particles and food are established routes of exposure. We investigated the relations between biomarkers of exposure to cadmium and lead, and the metal loading rates in house dust in the adult residents of an area with a soil cadmium concentration of X3 mg/kg (n ¼ 268) and a reference area (n ¼ 205). We determined the metal concentrations in house dust allowed to settle for 3 months in Petri dishes placed in the participants' bedrooms. The continuously distributed vegetable index was the first principal component derived from the metal concentrations in six different vegetables. The biomarkers of exposure (blood cadmium 9.2 vs. 6.2 nmol/L; 24-h urinary cadmium 10.5 vs. 7.0 nmol; blood lead 0.31 vs. 0.24 mmol/L), the loading rates of cadmium and lead in house dust (0.29 vs. 0.12 and 7.52 vs. 3.62 ng/cm 2 /92 days), and the vegetable indexes (0.31 vs. À0.44 and 0.13 vs. À0.29 standardized units) were significantly higher in the contaminated area. A two-fold increase in the metal loading rate in house dust was associated with increases (Po0:001) in blood cadmium (+2.3%), 24-h urinary cadmium (+3.0%), and blood lead (+2.0%), independent of the vegetable index and other covariates. The estimated effect sizes on the biomarkers of internal exposure were three times greater for house dust than vegetables. In conclusion, in the adult population, house dust is potentially an important route of exposure to heavy metals in areas with contaminated soils, and should be incorporated in the assessment of health risks. r

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“…1,2) However, other epidemiological studies in Belgium produced evidence inconsistent with the hypothesis that environmental exposure to Cd leads to an increase in blood pressure and a higher prevalence of hypertension. 3,4) Although many reports have shown an increase in blood pressure in experimental animals treated parentally with Cd, 5,6) the effects of dietary administration of Cd over long periods and at low levels on blood pressure remain unknown.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Magnesium Deficiency on Blood Pressure in Normal Rats Fed Cadmium

Nishiyama

Onosaka

Sakai

et al. 2005

JOURNAL OF HEALTH SCIENCE

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We attempted to further define the effects of an Mg-deficient diet on blood pressure in rats fed Cd for long periods. Twenty male Wistar rats were grouped according to four different diets: normal diet (N rats); normal diet supplemented with Cd at a dose of 50 µg/g of diet (N rats fed Cd); Mg-deficient diet (D rats); and Mg-deficient diet supplemented with Cd at a dose of 50 µg/g of diet (D rats fed Cd). Each diet was given for 60 days. N rats fed Cd developed a duration-limited increase in blood pressure: by day 60, increased blood pressure returned to the level seen in N rats. Mg deficiency lowered the Cd-induced increase in blood pressure and this response was more pronounced on day 60. A variety of independent blood pressure regulatory mechanisms was investigated. Although Mg deficiency tended to occur at lower concentrations of Cd and metallothionein in the heart of N rats fed Cd and the Cd concentration was less than 5 µg/g of tissue, Mg deficiency increased the Ca concentration in the hearts of N rats fed Cd while a decrease in urinary Na excretion and an increase in water retention were not observed. Diet-related toxic clinical signs in D rats fed Cd induced marked blush on the ears and fingers, indicating vasodilatation had occurred. These findings may have been a factor in the pronounced reduction in blood pressure seen.

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Public health implications of environmental exposure to cadmium and lead: an overview of epidemiological studies in Belgium

Cited by 58 publications

References 0 publications

Lead, Cadmium, Smoking, and Increased Risk of Peripheral Arterial Disease

Lead, Cadmium, Smoking, and Increased Risk of Peripheral Arterial Disease

House dust as possible route of environmental exposure to cadmium and lead in the adult general population

Effect of Magnesium Deficiency on Blood Pressure in Normal Rats Fed Cadmium

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