Pubertal Status and Age are Differentially Associated with Inflammatory Biomarkers in Female and Male Adolescents

Prematurity With Extrauterine Growth Restriction Increases the Risk of Higher Levels of Glucose, Low-Grade of Inflammation and Hypertension in Prepubertal Children

“…Moreover, it is widely known that insulin resistance appears during puberty (58). In the other hand, some recent research have highlighted that pubertal maturation itself may have an impact on levels of several lowgrade inflammation markers (60). For these reasons, associations between biomarkers commonly related with cardiometabolic disease and pro-inflammatory cytokines in both EUGR and prematurity conditions in exclusively prepubertal children were examined.…”

Association between indicators of systemic inflammation biomarkers during puberty with breast density and onset of menarche

“…A cross-sectional study of US adolescents did not observe a significant association between CRP and self-reported pubertal status [48]. However, they did report a positive relation between pubertal status and IL-6 and an inverse relation with TNFα among both males and females [48]. Wald test p value for log-transformed median within each quartile included as a continuous covariate in models adjusting for age at inflammatory biomarker measurement, fat percentage at biomarker measurement, ethnicity, birth weight, height age-and sex-specific Z-score, and maternal education In our longitudinal study, we did not observe an association between TNFR2 levels and age at menarche, but higher IL-6 levels at Tanner 2 were associated with an earlier age of menarche, which is consistent with the US study.…”

“…The inversion of this relation before and after menarche suggests that CRP may be associated with multiple facets of pubertal development. A cross-sectional study of US adolescents did not observe a significant association between CRP and self-reported pubertal status [48]. However, they did report a positive relation between pubertal status and IL-6 and an inverse relation with TNFα among both males and females [48].…”

Cytokine alterations in pediatric internalizing disorders: Systematic review and exploratory multi-variate meta-analysis

“…The studies included in this analysis had youth of varying ages and developmental stages. This could be influential on the study findings given that the pubertal stage and increases in sex hormones has been shown to meaningfully influence cytokine levels ( Zolin et al, 2015 ; Mills et al, 2013 ; Stumper et al, 2020 ). This is supported by the findings of the sensitivity analysis of adolescent studies only where we observed a reduction in effect size (Hedge's g = 0.14).…”

“…A secondary aim of this review is to investigate study heterogeneity through moderator analyses of cytokine type and influential variables (i.e., mean age, medication, mean body mass index, fasting status at blood collection, participant sex, and diagnosis) identified in the literature that may influence peripheral cytokine levels in pediatric studies. Older age in child development is associated with intrinsic changes in hormone activity related to pubertal status and maturation of immune system organs ( Stumper et al, 2020 ). Theses age-related changes have been associated with fluctuating changes in pro-inflammatory cytokine levels for pediatric depression and anxiety longitudinally ( De Baumont et al, 2019 ; Perry et al, 2020 ).…”