“…In this context, the development of non-enzymatic electrochemical sensors using various materials including polymers, 8,9 metal 10 and metal oxide [11][12][13][14] nanoparticles (NPs), carbon-based materials and their composites 12,[15][16][17] has been intensively explored. In particular, metal and metal oxide NPs, such as Pt, 18 Cu, 19,20 CuO, 11,21 and Pd 22 NPs, have attracted signicant attention because of their high surface energy and large surface area and thus high electrochemical catalytic activity in numerous electrochemical processes, including methanol electrooxidation. Normally, these NPs are loaded onto the inorganic/ organic supports as electrochemical catalysts.…”