Psychosocial and cognitive consequences of major neonatal surgery

Developmental problems in patients with oesophageal atresia: a longitudinal follow-up study

“…However, these findings should be interpreted with caution because both studies were retrospective and selection bias might have occurred. Moreover, Kubota and colleagues did not report on selection procedures 20. In the present study, we found impaired sustained attention at the age of 8 years.…”

“…Little is known about long-term cognition of patients with OA; most studies found normal mental development within the first years of life 3 4 18. Two studies reported impaired intelligence at school age 19 20. However, these findings should be interpreted with caution because both studies were retrospective and selection bias might have occurred.…”

Growth and development after oesophageal atresia surgery: Need for long-term multidisciplinary follow-up

“…Unfortunately, the authors do not explain how these patients were recruited and therefore the possibility of selection bias cannot be excluded (26).…”

“…Only three cross-sectional studies on cognition in OA-patients at school age are available (7,25,26). In 1984, Lindahl reported normal intelligence at an age of 8.8 to 16.5 years (mean age 12.7 years) in a cohort of 33 OA-patients born between 1966 and 1973.…”

Children with congenital colorectal malformations often require special education or remedial teaching, despite normal intelligence

“…Our group has found normal intelligence in 5‐year‐old children with nonsyndromal ARM . In a study from another group, five of the 25 children with ARM were considered as to be intellectually disabled, although only their intelligence was assessed . Lastly, a prospective longitudinal study reported specific language problems at 3 years of age and learning problems during adolescence .…”