“…Unfortunately, these constructs have proven notoriously difficult to validate for both the stable assessment of learner characteristics and the customization of instruction to improve student outcomes (e.g. Duff & Duffy, 2002;Henson & Hwang, 2002;Kavale & Forness, 1987;Loo, 1997, Richardson, 2000, Stahl, 1999. In general, cognitive style theories posit one or more linear scales on which learners can score closer to one extreme or another.…”