Psychological deficit in schizophrenia: II. Interference and activation.

Lang, Peter; Buss, Arnold H.

doi:10.1037/h0021942

Cited by 293 publications

(102 citation statements)

References 163 publications

(126 reference statements)

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“…The increased basal heart rate found in the schizo phrenic group is a well-known phenomenon and has been shown by several authors [7,8,11,13,14,[19][20][21][22][23], This observation is usually explained by an increased level of autonomic activity in certain groups of schizophrenics, which is regarded as a parameter of increased arousal lev el. Some of the studies, nevertheless, are difficult to inter pret, because patients were on neuroleptic drugs that are known to increase heart rate.…”

Section: Comparison With the Literature And Methodological Commentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Orthostatic Challenge during Neuroleptic Test Dose: A Possible Predictor of Short-Term Outcome

Volz

Mackert²,

Diefenbacher³

et al. 1994

Neuropsychobiology

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Cardiovascular measurements were used as indicators of autonomic arousal during an orthostatic challenge test without medication and after a test dose of 150 mg perazine in 20 acute schizophrenic patients. Unmedicated schizophrenics showed elevated heart rates and elevated systolic and diastolic blood pressure in comparison to healthy volunteers. After a test dose of 150 mg perazine, responders (using BPRS outcome criteria after 23 days) showed a pronounced orthostatic heart rate reaction in comparison to nonresponders. Results are discussed in relation to arousal theories and central dopaminergic activity in schizophrenia.

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Section: Comparison With the Literature And Methodological Commentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Orthostatic Challenge during Neuroleptic Test Dose: A Possible Predictor of Short-Term Outcome

Volz

Mackert²,

Diefenbacher³

et al. 1994

Neuropsychobiology

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show abstract

“…The schizophrenic manipulation was preplanned according to two considerations: (1) a number of researchers have corroborated the notion of an over-activation of more dominant associations and an underactivation of weaker associations using behavioral paradigms (Chapman and Chapman, 1973;Chapman et al, 1964;, and (2) many researchers have corroborated the notion of aberrant activation and network instability across a variety of converging methodologies, ranging from event-related potentials to behavioral experiments (Lang and Buss, 1965;McGhie and Chapman, 1961;Nestor et al, 1993Nestor et al, , 1997Shenton et al, 1992;Niznikiewicz et al, 1997). In order to employ the most conservative application of this proposed model, each association was individually decremented by the weakest pre-existing association weight within the network (namely 0.01).…”

Section: Schizophrenic Association Networkmentioning

confidence: 99%

Associative memory in chronic schizophrenia: a computational model

Han

Nestor

Shenton

et al. 2003

Schizophrenia Research

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We developed a computer model to simulate associative memory recall of patients with chronic schizophrenia. Model inputs consisted of words derived from normative data that differed in terms of connectivity and network size, with the former quantitatively represented by parametric weights and the latter by the specific number of word associates that formed a particular network. Previous behavioral studies of normal subjects indicated better recall for words of high connectivity-small network (HCSN), followed by low connectivity-small network (LCSN), high connectivity-large network (HCLN), and low connectivity-large network (LCLN). This pattern of recall differed from that observed in behavioral studies of schizophrenic patients, which showed better recall for high connectivity words, regardless of network size. Holding constant network size while manipulating connection weights effectively simulated this schizophrenic pattern of recall. That is, manipulation of parametric weights coupled with a slight increase in noise significantly and reliably elicited the response pattern of abnormal connectivity demonstrated in the prior behavioral study of patients with chronic schizophrenia. An increase in noise was a necessary, but insufficient step in modeling the response pattern of abnormal connectivity. These findings provide support for the use of computational models to investigate dynamics of associative word recall in patients with chronic schizophrenia.

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“…However, this raises the possibility that cued-recall performance for the schizophrenic patients will be unusually low because of the interfering effects of the preceding category-production test. This concern stems from findings that schizophrenic patients are particularly sensitive to interference in a variety of memory and cognitive tasks (Bauman & Kolisnyk, 1976;Lang & Buss, 1965). To examine this possibility, we tested a separate group of schizophrenic patients on the cued-recall test only, without the preceding categoryproduction test.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Limits of the processing view in accounting for dissociations among memory measures in a clinical population

1993

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In three experiments, we examined the performance of patients with schizophrenia on implicit and explicit memory tests that have been shown to involve predominantly data-driven or predominantly conceptually driven processes. In Experiment 1, we compared the implicit tests of category production (conceptually driven) and word identification (data driven) and found that schizophrenic patients' performance on these tests did not differ from that of normal subjects. In Experiment 2, a comparison of the category-production and explicit cued-recall tests, both of which involve conceptual processes, showed that schizophrenic patients were impaired on the cued-recall test but not on the category-production test. In Experiment 3, a comparison of the word-identification and explicit graphemic cued-recall tests, both of which involve data-driven processes, showed that patients were impaired on the cued-recall test but not on the wordidentification test. The results of both Experiments 2 and 3 revealed a dissociation between implicit and explicit test performance under conditions in which the two tests involve similar types of processes. These results support theoretical views that distinguish implicit from explicit modes of retrieval.Over the past decade, many studies have revealed striking dissociations in performance between explicit memory tests such as recall and recognition and implicit memory tests such as word-fragment or word-stem completion, in which performance changes are measured by repetitionpriming effects (for review, see Richardson-Klavehn & Bjork, 1988;Schacter, 1987). One interpretation of findings of dissociations is that there is a fundamental difference in the type of memory involved in explicit and implicit memory tests (Graf &

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Psychological deficit in schizophrenia: II. Interference and activation.

Cited by 293 publications

References 163 publications

Orthostatic Challenge during Neuroleptic Test Dose: A Possible Predictor of Short-Term Outcome

Orthostatic Challenge during Neuroleptic Test Dose: A Possible Predictor of Short-Term Outcome

Associative memory in chronic schizophrenia: a computational model

Limits of the processing view in accounting for dissociations among memory measures in a clinical population

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