Psychological and Cognitive Aspects of Borderline Intellectual Functioning

Abstract

Abstract. Borderline Intellectual Functioning (BIF) refers to a global IQ ranging from 71 to 84, and it represents a condition of clinical attention for its association with other disorders and its influence on the outcomes of treatments and, in general, quality of life and adaptation. Furthermore, its definition has changed over time causing a relevant clinical impact. For this reason, a systematic review of the literature on this topic can promote an understanding of what has been studied, and can differentiate what is currently attributable to BIF from that which cannot be associated with this kind of intellectual functioning. Using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) criteria, we have conducted a review of the literature about BIF. The results suggest that this condition is still associated with mental retardation, and only a few studies have focused specifically on this condition.

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“…Borderline intellectual functioning is a boundary status between intellectual disability and typical development and is considered highly heritable (Reichenberg et al, 2016). It does not stem from a neurodevelopmental syndrome, leading to a heterogeneous functioning profile (Contena and Taddei, 2017). It is characterized by a range of cognitive challenges, with an intelligence quotient (IQ) between 70 and 85 points, and a failure to meet developmental and sociocultural standards for personal independence and social responsibility that affect daily activities (Seltzer et al, 2005).…”

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“…BIF is defined as a boundary condition between typical development and intellectual disability, characterized by an intelligence quotient (IQ) within the range 70–85, associated with difficulties in social participation and adaptability, and is recognized as a V code in the Diagnostic Statistical Manual-5 ( 11 ). Children with BIF exhibit difficulties in several developmental domains such as cognition, affectivity, sociality, and movement: learning disorders, impairment in executive functioning, receptive and expressive language, motor planning, emotional regulation, Theory Of Mind and behavioral difficulties are often detected ( 7 , 12 – 18 ). Interestingly, children with BIF also exhibit a peculiar pattern of sleep organization characterized by an alteration of the cyclic alternating pattern, and a positive correlation between sleep duration and intellectual abilities ( 19 , 20 ).…”

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“…Borderline intellectual functioning (BIF) is a condition characterized by a mental ability at the border between normal intellectual functioning and intellectual disability, with an Intellectual Quotient (IQ) within 1 and 2 standard deviations below the mean of the normal curve of the distribution of intelligence that impacts on adaptive abilities ( Salvador-Carulla et al, 2013 ; Peltopuro et al, 2014 ). In primary school age, children with BIF are burdened with difficulties in school achievements due to learning difficulties in more than one executive functions domain, such as attention, concentration, planning, and inhibition of impulsive responses, as well as memory and motor skill limitations ( Alloway, 2010 ; Vuijk et al, 2010 ; Salvador-Carulla et al, 2013 ; Peltopuro et al, 2014 ; Contena and Taddei, 2017 ). Furthermore, limitations in social skills, emotional competencies, and behavioral problems affect the social participation of these children ( Baglio et al, 2016 ; Predescu et al, 2020 ).…”